Microgels are currently used in a broad range of industrial applications and consumer products, including surface coatings, paints, inks, oil recovery, controlled drug delivery, cosmetics, personal care, home care, food, and pharmaceuticals. An essential feature in many of these applications is the rheology of the microgel suspension during processing, storage, and transport, as well as during the application process itself (i.e., at the in-use or end-use stage). Microgel suspensions have a long history of use for rheological control due to their ability to swell in a suitable solvent to give increased viscosity and/or a gel-like consistency. Starches, which are essentially cross-linked carbohydrate polymers, are probably the oldest example of a microgel; they were separated from grains by the ancient Greeks for a variety of uses including foods, adhesives, and even wound healing, where the latter was achieved by mixing with saliva to form a honey-like coating [1].The attraction of microgel suspensions in industrial applications is that their rheology can be controlled to meet the requirements for specific applications by varying composition, cross-link density, particle size, shape, surface properties, and solvent quality. A useful feature of microgels is their responsive nature to their environment; they can swell or deswell by altering solvent quality (through pH, temperature, ions, etc.), thus altering their effective phase volume and consequently the rheological properties of the suspension. The deformable and swellable nature of microgels allows a higher phase volume to be obtained compared to hard spheres of equivalent size. Their deformability also affects their response in shear flow due to their ability to change shape in response to perturbation, particularly at high volume fractions. The composition of microgels can be adapted and customized according to the application, and the microgel additives used have been made out of a wide variety of polymeric materials including natural or modified biopolymer-based components (e.g., polysaccharides, proteins, and starches), and synthesized components such as polyacrylates, poly(styrene sulfonates), poly(vinyl pyridine), and polyurethanes.
Microgel Suspensions: Fundamentals and ApplicationsEdited