Soft X-ray continuum radiation from low-energy pinch discharges of hydrogen

Mills, Randell L.; Booker, R.H.; Lü, Ying

doi:10.1017/s0022377812001109

Cited by 6 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In addition, CfA provided a McPherson 248/310G spectrometer with a platinum-coated 1200 g mm −1 grating. Both spectrometers and CfA and BLP gratings were used as part of the measurement program [5,6].…”

Section: Euv Pinch Plasma Spectramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By the same mechanism, the nascent H 2 O molecule (not hydrogen bonded in solid, liquid, or gaseous state) may serve as a catalyst by accepting 81.6 eV (m = 3) to form an intermediate that decays with the emission of a continuum band with a short wavelength cutoff of 10.1 nm and energy of 122.4 eV [1]. The continuum radiation band at 10.1 nm and going to longer wavelengths for theoretically predicted transitions of H to lower-energy, so called 'hydrino' state H(1/4), was observed only arising from pulsed pinch gas discharges comprising some hydrogen first at BlackLight Power, Inc. (BLP) and reproduced at the Harvard Center for Astrophysics (CfA) by Cheimets and Daigneau [2][3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanism of soft x-ray continuum radiation from low-energy pinch discharges of hydrogen and ultra-low field ignition of solid fuels

Mills¹,

Lotoski²,

Lü³

2017

Plasma Sci. Technol.

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EUV continuum radiation (10-30 nm) arising only from very low energy pulsed pinch gas discharges comprising some hydrogen was first observed at BlackLight Power, Inc. and reproduced at the Harvard Center for Astrophysics (CfA). The source was determined to be due to the transition of H to the lower-energy hydrogen or hydrino state H(1/4) whose emission matches that observed wherein alternative sources were eliminated. The identity of the catalyst that accepts 3 • 27.2 eV from the H to cause the H to H(1/4) transition was determined to HOH versus 3H. The mechanism was elucidated using different oxide-coated electrodes that were selective in forming HOH versus plasma forming metal atoms as well as from the intensity profile that was a mismatch for the multi-body reaction required during 3H catalysis. The HOH catalyst was further shown to give EUV radiation of the same nature by igniting a solid fuel comprising a source of H and HOH catalyst by passing a low voltage, high current through the fuel to produce explosive plasma. No chemical reaction can release such high-energy light. No high field existed to form highly ionized ions that could give radiation in this EUV region that persisted even without power input. This plasma source serves as strong evidence for the existence of the transition of H to hydrino H(1/4) by HOH as the catalyst and a corresponding new power source wherein initial extraordinarily brilliant light-emitting prototypes are already producing photovoltaic generated electrical power. The hydrino product of a catalyst reaction of atomic hydrogen was analyzed by multiple spectroscopic techniques. Moreover, the mH catalyst was identified to be active in astronomical sources such as the Sun, stars and interstellar medium wherein the characteristics of hydrino match those of the dark matter of the Universe.

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Section: Euv Pinch Plasma Spectramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of soft x-ray continuum radiation from low-energy pinch discharges of hydrogen and ultra-low field ignition of solid fuels

Mills¹,

Lotoski²,

Lü³

2017

Plasma Sci. Technol.

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“…Regarding the hydrino mechanism, each electrolyte gives rise to a substantially different cathodic half-cell voltage under the operating conditions maintained [14]. LiOH is unique in the production of excess electricity since its oxygen half-cell potential sums with that of the anode half-cell reaction to provide a sink for electrons from H 2 Next, consider alternative sources of electrical power other than that from the formation of hydrinos. Specifically, the thermal decomposition of H 2 O with the production of electricity from the product gases at the cell electrodes is considered as a possible source of the excess electricity of the CIHT cell.…”

Section: Ciht Cell Electrical Energy Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the 10% energy change in the heat of vaporization in going from ice at 0°C to water at 100°C, the average number of H bonds per water molecule in boiling water is 3.6 [1]; thus, H 2 O must be formed chemically as isolated molecules with suitable activation energy in order to serve as a catalyst to form hydrinos. The catalysis reaction (m = 1) regarding the potential energy of nascent H 2 (5) and extending to longer wavelengths than the corresponding cutoff. The continuum radiation band at 10.1 nm and going to longer wavelengths for theoretically predicted transitions of H to lower-energy, so-called 'hydrino' states, was observed only arising from pulsed pinched hydrogen discharges first at BlackLight Power, Inc. (BLP) and reproduced at the Harvard Center for Astrophysics (CfA) [2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The catalysis reaction (m = 1) regarding the potential energy of nascent H 2 (5) and extending to longer wavelengths than the corresponding cutoff. The continuum radiation band at 10.1 nm and going to longer wavelengths for theoretically predicted transitions of H to lower-energy, so-called 'hydrino' states, was observed only arising from pulsed pinched hydrogen discharges first at BlackLight Power, Inc. (BLP) and reproduced at the Harvard Center for Astrophysics (CfA) [2][3][4]. Continuum radiation in the 10 to 30 nm region that matched predicted transitions of H to hydrino states was observed only arising from pulsed pinched hydrogen discharges with metal oxides that are thermodynamically favorable to undergo H reduction to form HOH catalyst;…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Catalyst Induced Hydrino Transition (CIHT) electrochemical cell

Mills

Lü

et al. 2013

Int. J. Energy Res.

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SUMMARYAtomic hydrogen is predicted to form fractional Rydberg energy states H(1/p) called 'hydrino atoms' wherein n = 1/2,1/3,1/ 4,…,1/p (p ≤ 137 is an integer) replaces the well-known parameter n = integer in the Rydberg equation for hydrogen excited states. The transition of H to a stable hydrino state H[a H /p = m + 1] having a binding energy of p 2 Â 13.6 eV occurs by a nonradiative resonance energy transfer of m Â 27.2 eV (m is an integer) to a matched energy acceptor such as nascent H 2 O which has a potential energy of 81.6 eV (m = 3) to form an intermediate that decays with the emission of continuum bands with short wavelength cutoffs and energies of m 2 Â 13.6 eV. The predicted H(1/4) continuum radiation in the region 10 to 30 nm was observed first at BlackLight Power, Inc. (BLP) and reproduced at the Harvard Center for Astrophysics (CfA) wherein H 2 O catalyst was formed by a hydrogen reduction reaction at the anode of a hydrogen pinch plasma. By the same mechanism, the nascent H 2 O molecule formed by an oxidation reaction of OH À at a hydrogen anode is predicted to serve as a catalyst to form H(1/4) with an energy release of 204 eV compared to the 1.48 eV required to produce H from electrolysis of H 2 O. CIHT cells, each comprising a Ni anode, NiO cathode, a LiOH-LiBr eutectic mixture as the electrolyte, and MgO matrix exploit hydrino formation as a half-cell reaction to serve as a new electrical energy source. The cells were operated under intermittent H 2 O electrolysis to generate H at the anode and then discharged to form hydrinos wherein trace H 2 O vapor was supplied as entrained in an inert gas flow in otherwise closed cells. Net electrical production over the electrolysis input was measured using an Arbin BT 2000 (<0.1% error) and confirmed using a digital oscilloscope, wherein no theoretical conventional energy was possible. Materials characterizations included those that quantified any compositional change of the electrolyte by elemental analysis using ICPMS, XRF, and XRD, and SEM were performed on the anode. The electrical energies were continuously output over long-duration, measured on different systems, configurations, and modes of operation and were typically multiples of the electrical input that in most cases exceed the input by a factor of greater than 10. Calorimetry of solid fuels that exploited the same catalyst and a similar reaction mechanism showed excess thermal energy greater than 10 times the maximum possible from any conventional reaction. The predicted molecular hydrino H 2 (1/4) was identified as a product of CIHT cells and solid fuels by MAS 1 H NMR, ToF-SIMS, ESI-ToFMS, electron-beam excitation emission spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence emission spectroscopy, FTIR, and XPS.

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