Soft-x-ray lasing to the ground states in low-charged oxygen ions

Chichkov, Boris N.; Egbert, A.; Eichmann, Hubert; Momma, C.; Nolte, Stefan; Wellegehausen, B.

doi:10.1103/physreva.52.1629

Cited by 32 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In this case, the Keldysh parameter is given by 7 = 8Zco(Ry/E~) 1/2. The electron temperature after tunnel ionization in a linearly polarized laser field can be estimated from (see [9] for details)…”

Section: Prospects For Soft-x-ray Lasers Pumped By Short-pulse Krf Lamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Short-pulse high-intensity excimer lasers — A powerful tool for the generation of coherent VUV and XUV radiation

et al. 1996

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Abstract. Different approaches for the generation of coherent VUV and XUV radiation with a 400 fs KrF excimer-laser system are studied. In nonlinear optical experiments it is shown that four-wave difference-frequency mixing in Xe, using a near two-photon resonance with the KrF laser radiation, is well suited for the generation of tunable VUV radiation in the range 130-200 nm. Conversion efficiencies of 2% and output energies up to 260 I.tJ have been demonstrated. Further prospects to achieve mJ energies are discussed. Using this VUV source and the KrF laser, powerful XUV radiation can be generated by different low-order frequency mixing processes. In first experiments on this subject, direct frequency tripling of the KrF laser pulse has resulted in 14 gJ XUV radiation at 83 nm.For the realization of soft-X-ray lasers, specific advantages of short-pulse KrF drivers are discussed. Novel scenarios based on a hybrid KrF/Ti: sapphire laser system and multiphoton resonant excitation are considered. PACS: 42.65.Ky; 52.40.DbThe development of practical coherent radiation sources operating at short wavelengths, in the VUV (below 200 nm), XUV (below 100 nm) and especially in the X-ray region (below 30 nm), is among the most important and long-standing problems in laser physics. For example, speculations and proposals on the possibility of X-ray lasing have begun immediately after the invention of lasers, but the first successful demonstrations of X-ray lasers (at about 20 nm) have only been reported in 1985 [1,2]. On the other hand, using methods of nonlinear optics, the generation of coherent radiation at 38 nm has already been observed in 1977, by successive frequency up-conversion of 1.06 gm Nd:YAG laser radiation in Dedicated to Prof. F. P. Sch/ifer on the occasion of his 65th birthday. nonlinear crystals and gases [3]. In these experiments ns laser pulses with energies of the order of kJ (X-ray lasers) and 30 ps, 60 mJ laser pulses (nonlinear optics) have been used.A key parameter for the efficient generation of shortwavelength coherent radiation is the laser intensity. For high-order nonlinear processes and for the creation of highly ionized non-equilibrium plasmas, very high laser intensities, above 1015 W/cm 2, are necessary. Due to the recent progress in laser technology, such and higher intensities can be easily realized with modern compact shortpulse laser systems. In these high-power laser systems, low-intensity short pulses are generated by a suitable oscillator and then amplified in one or more amplification stages. Design of the oscillator and amplifier systems depends on the laser material. Short-pulse high-power laser systems may be realized with solid and gaseous laser materials. In commercial systems, Ti:sapphire and the KrF excimer are most frequently used. Some properties of these laser materials for short-pulse high-power laser applications are summarized in Table 1.With Ti:sapphire crystals, both the generation of short pulses (typically by Kerr lens mode locking of cw argon ion-laser-pumped systems...

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Section: Prospects For Soft-x-ray Lasers Pumped By Short-pulse Krf Lamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Ti:sapphire laser system can provide shorter pulses and much higher ponderomotive potentials, which are of interest in a variety of applications. Both laser systems have been successfully applied for the generation of short-pulse VUV and XUV radiation by nonlinear optical processes [6] and as drivers for soft-X-ray lasers [7][8][9].…”

Section: Pacsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-pulse high-intensity excimer lasers — A powerful tool for the generation of coherent VUV and XUV radiation

et al. 1996

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“…This provides a simple possibility for a variation of the interaction length. Further details of the experimental setup can be found in [3,9].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…These measurements were performed at atmospheric pressure with a strongly attenuated laser beam (see [9] for details). The length of the plasma for one open hole is L Ӎ 0.3 mm.…”

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Phase-Matched High-Order Difference-Frequency Mixing in Plasmas

et al. 1996

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The generation of coherent extreme ultraviolet radiation by phase-matched high-order differencefrequency mixing in plasmas is reported. The plasmas are produced by optical field ionization of atomic and molecular gases in an intense Ti:sapphire laser field. Phase matching for the highorder two-color ͑v, 2v͒ mixing process, 9v 6͑2v͒ 2 3v, is demonstrated for the first time.[S0031-9007(96)00084-1]

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“…Chichkov et al investigated amplification in transitions to the ground states in low-charge ions: O II, O III, C III, and N III. 262 A motivation for the study of amplification in these ions was their larger ratio of statistical weights between the lower and upper laser levels (g 1 /g 2 Ϸ1), which is more favorable for the generation of population inversion. The ions of interest were produced by OFI of O 2 , CO 2 , and N 2 gases in gas jets using 80 mJ pulses from a 150 fs Ti:sapphire laser.…”

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Table-top Soft X-Ray Lasers

Rocca

2016

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

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This article reviews the progress in the development of practical table-top sources of soft x-ray laser radiation. The field is rapidly approaching the stage at which soft x-ray lasers sufficiently compact to fit onto a normal optical table will be routinely utilized in science and technology. This is the result of recent advances in the amplification of soft x-ray radiation in both compact laser-pumped and discharge-pumped devices. The use of excitation mechanisms that take full advantage of new ultrafast high power optical laser drivers and multiple pulse excitation schemes has resulted in the demonstration of saturated soft x-ray amplification at wavelengths as short as 14 nm using several Joule of laser-pump energy. Moreover, several schemes have demonstrated significant gain with only a fraction of a Joule of laser-pump energy. In addition, the demonstration of saturated table-top soft x-ray lasers pumped by very compact capillary discharges has shattered the notion that discharge-created plasmas are insufficiently uniform to allow for soft x-ray amplification, opening a route for the development of efficient, high average power soft x-ray lasers. Recently, a table-top capillary discharge laser operating at 46.9 nm has produced millijoule-level laser pulses at a repetition rate of several Hz, with a corresponding spatially coherent average power per unit bandwidth comparable to that of a beam line at a third generation synchrotron facility. This review summarizes fundamental and technical aspects of table-top soft x-ray lasers based on the generation of population inversions in plasmas, and discusses the present status of development of specific laser systems.

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Soft-x-ray lasing to the ground states in low-charged oxygen ions

Cited by 32 publications

References 26 publications

Short-pulse high-intensity excimer lasers — A powerful tool for the generation of coherent VUV and XUV radiation

Short-pulse high-intensity excimer lasers — A powerful tool for the generation of coherent VUV and XUV radiation

Phase-Matched High-Order Difference-Frequency Mixing in Plasmas

Table-top Soft X-Ray Lasers

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