Softness and potential to cause rebreathing: Differences in bedding used by infants at high and low risk for sudden infant death syndrome

Kemp, James S.; Livne, M; White, Deborah; Arfken, Cynthia L.

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70437-8

Cited by 66 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Soft mattresses, including those made from memory foam, could create a pocket (or indentation) and increase the chance of rebreathing or suffocation if the infant is placed in or rolls over to the prone position. 19,20 A crib, bassinet, portable crib, or play yard that conforms to the safety standards of the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), including those for slat spacing less than 2-3/8 inches, snugly fitting and firm mattresses, and no drop sides, is recommended. 21 In addition, parents and providers should check to make sure that the product has not been recalled.…”

Section: Use a Firm Sleep Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Updated 2016 Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment

2016

Pediatrics

297

121

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Section: Use a Firm Sleep Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Updated 2016 Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment

2016

Pediatrics

297

121

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“…[37][38][39][40] The prone or side sleep position can increase the risk of rebreathing expired gases, resulting in hypercapnia and hypoxia. [54][55][56][57] The prone position also increases the risk of overheating by decreasing the rate of heat loss and increasing body temperature compared with infants sleeping supine. 58,59 Recent evidence suggests that prone sleeping alters the autonomic control of the infant cardiovascular system during sleep, particularly at 2 to 3 months of age, 60 and can result in decreased cerebral oxygenation.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, such soft bedding can increase the potential of suffocation and rebreathing. 54,56,57,[179][180][181] Pillows, quilts, comforters, sheepskins, and other soft surfaces are hazardous when placed under the infant 62,147,[182][183][184][185][186][187] or left loose in the infant's sleep area 62,65,184,185,[188][189][190][191] and can increase SIDS risk up to fivefold independent of sleep position. 62,147 Several reports have also described that in many SIDS cases, the heads of the infants, including some infants who slept supine, were covered by loose bedding.…”

Section: Bedding Pillows Quilts Comforters Sheepskins and Other Smentioning

confidence: 99%

SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Expansion of Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment

Moon¹

2011

Pediatrics

219

115

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Despite a major decrease in the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) since the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) released its recommendation in 1992 that infants be placed for sleep in a nonprone position, this decline has plateaued in recent years. Concurrently, other causes of sudden unexpected infant death occurring during sleep (sleep-related deaths), including suffocation, asphyxia, and entrapment, and ill-defined or unspecified causes of death have increased in incidence, particularly since the AAP published its last statement on SIDS in 2005. It has become increasingly important to address these other causes of sleep-related infant death. Many of the modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors for SIDS and suffocation are strikingly similar. The AAP, therefore, is expanding its recommendations from being only SIDS-focused to focusing on a safe sleep environment that can reduce the risk of all sleep-related infant deaths including SIDS. The recommendations described in this report include supine positioning, use of a firm sleep surface, breastfeeding, room-sharing without bed-sharing, routine immunization, consideration of a pacifier, and avoidance of soft bedding, overheating, and exposure to tobacco smoke, alcohol, and illicit drugs. The rationale for these recommendations is discussed in detail in this technical report. The recommendations are published in the accompanying “Policy Statement—Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Expansion of Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment,” which is included in this issue (www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2011-2220).

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“…Soft bedding increases the potential of rebreathing, [1][2][3][4][5][6] a pathway through which SIDS may occur. 7 Pillows, quilts, comforters, and other soft objects are hazardous when placed under the infant [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] or loose in the infant's sleep area, 10,12,[15][16][17][18][19][20] increasing SIDS risk up to 5-fold, 13,15 and up to 21-fold when the infant is placed prone.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Decisions of Black Parents About Infant Bedding and Sleep Surfaces: A Qualitative Study

et al. 2011

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OBJECTIVE: The goal of this qualitative study was to examine factors influencing decisions by black parents regarding use of soft bedding and sleep surfaces for their infants. METHODS: We conducted focus groups and individual interviews with black mothers of lower and higher socioeconomic status (SES). Mothers were asked about many infant care practices, including sleep surface and bedding. RESULTS: Eighty-three mothers were interviewed, 73 (47 lower and 26 higher SES) in focus groups and 10 (7 lower and 3 higher SES) in individual interviews. The primary reason for using soft surfaces was infant comfort. Parents perceived that infants were uncomfortable if the surface was not soft. Many parents also interpreted “firm sleep surface” to mean taut; they were comfortable with and believed that they were following recommendations for a firm sleep surface when they placed pillows/blankets on the mattress as long as a sheet was pulled tautly over the pillows/blankets. The primary reasons for using soft bedding (including bumper pads) were comfort, safety, and aesthetics. In addition to using bedding to soften sleep surfaces, bedding was used to prevent infant rollover and falls, particularly for infants sleeping on a bed or sofa. Some parents used soft bedding to create an attractive space for the infant. CONCLUSIONS: Many black parents believe that soft bedding will keep their infant safe and comfortable. There is much misunderstanding about the meaning of a “firm” sleep surface. Additional educational messages apparently are needed to change parental perceptions and practices.

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Softness and potential to cause rebreathing: Differences in bedding used by infants at high and low risk for sudden infant death syndrome

Cited by 66 publications

References 21 publications

SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Updated 2016 Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment

SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Updated 2016 Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment

SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Expansion of Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment

Decisions of Black Parents About Infant Bedding and Sleep Surfaces: A Qualitative Study

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