Software Code Smell Prediction Model Using Shannon, Rényi and Tsallis Entropies

Gupta, Aakanshi; Suri, Bharti; Kumar, Vijay; Misra, Sanjay; Blažauskas, Tomas; Damaševičius, Robertas

doi:10.3390/e20050372

Cited by 39 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(67 reference statements)

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“…A trade-off between goodness of fit [ 51 ] and parsimony is resolved by the undetermined gray box model formulation, which potentially has an infinite number of local extrema. The interesting fact is that there is no major distinction between the goodness of fit properties at these extrema, so the one which leads to the solution by following the convex pathway is chosen as the rational choice.…”

Section: Identification Of Biomass Growth Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Physics to Bioengineering: Microbial Cultivation Process Design and Feeding Rate Control Based on Relative Entropy Using Nuisance Time

Urniezius

Galvanauskas

Survyla

et al. 2018

Entropy

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For historic reasons, industrial knowledge of reproducibility and restrictions imposed by regulations, open-loop feeding control approaches dominate in industrial fed-batch cultivation processes. In this study, a generic gray box biomass modeling procedure uses relative entropy as a key to approach the posterior similarly to how prior distribution approaches the posterior distribution by the multivariate path of Lagrange multipliers, for which a description of a nuisance time is introduced. The ultimate purpose of this study was to develop a numerical semi-global convex optimization procedure that is dedicated to the calculation of feeding rate time profiles during the fed-batch cultivation processes. The proposed numerical semi-global convex optimization of relative entropy is neither restricted to the gray box model nor to the bioengineering application. From the bioengineering application perspective, the proposed bioprocess design technique has benefits for both the regular feed-forward control and the advanced adaptive control systems, in which the model for biomass growth prediction is compulsory. After identification of the gray box model parameters, the options and alternatives in controllable industrial biotechnological processes are described. The main aim of this work is to achieve high reproducibility, controllability, and desired process performance. Glucose concentration measurements, which were used for the development of the model, become unnecessary for the development of the desired microbial cultivation process.

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Section: Identification Of Biomass Growth Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Physics to Bioengineering: Microbial Cultivation Process Design and Feeding Rate Control Based on Relative Entropy Using Nuisance Time

Urniezius

Galvanauskas

Survyla

et al. 2018

Entropy

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show abstract

“…The experimental results were validated on the Eclipse JDT and Mozilla Firefox projects and recallsofup to 84% and 58% were achieved, and precisionsof ofup to 28% and 41%, respectively. Recently, the authors developed entropy-based regression models to predict the bad smells [ 6 ].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors also proposed to develop entropy-based models to predict the bugs that can occurin software due to code changes [ 5 ]. The entropy has also been used to predict the software code smell [ 6 ]. A review of the literature in this regard, revealed that an NHPP-based SRGM hasbeen proposed to evaluate the reliability level of the software in terms of the number of bugs fixed and the number remaining.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Quality Evaluation of Software Products by Considering Summary and Comments Entropy of a Reported Bug

Kumari¹,

Misra

et al. 2019

Entropy

Self Cite

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A software bug is characterized by its attributes. Various prediction models have been developed using these attributes to enhance the quality of software products. The reporting of bugs leads to high irregular patterns. The repository size is also increasing with enormous rate, resulting in uncertainty and irregularities. These uncertainty and irregularities are termed as veracity in the context of big data. In order to quantify these irregular and uncertain patterns, the authors have appliedentropy-based measures of the terms reported in the summary and the comments submitted by the users. Both uncertainties and irregular patterns have been taken care of byentropy-based measures. In this paper, the authors considered that the bug fixing process does not only depend upon the calendar time, testing effort and testing coverage, but it also depends on the bug summary description and comments. The paper proposed bug dependency-based mathematical models by considering the summary description of bugs and comments submitted by users in terms of the entropy-based measures. The models were validated on different Eclipse project products. The models proposed in the literature have different types of growth curves. The models mainly follow exponential, S-shaped or mixtures of both types of curves. In this paper, the proposed models were compared with the modelsfollowingexponential, S-shaped and mixtures of both types of curves.

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“…The concept of entropy is one that has been adopted for software measurements on different occasions [2,3,14]. The entropy of a CSS file with n unique classes of elements can be computed using their frequency of occurrence as an unbiased estimate of their probability P(C i ), i = 1, .…”

Section: Entropy Metric (E)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the approaches to decrease the maintainability effort is by managing the complexity of applications. Another approach is to predict code bug [2] or smells [3] thus contributing to prolonging the lifecycle of programs too. Software complexity is measured in order to, among other things, be able to predict the maintainability and reliability of software given that code metrics can serve as indicators of software defects [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Complexity Metrics Suite for Cascading Style Sheets

2019

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We perform a theoretical and empirical analysis of a set of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) document complexity metrics. The metrics are validated using a practical framework that demonstrates their viability. The theoretical analysis is performed using the Weyuker’s properties−a widely adopted approach to conducting empirical validations of metrics proposals. The empirical analysis is conducted using visual and statistical analysis of distribution of metric values, Cliff’s delta, Chi-square and Liliefors statistical normality tests, and correlation analysis on our own dataset of CSS documents. The results show that five out of the nine metrics (56%) satisfy Weyuker’s properties except for the Number of Attributes Defined per Rule Block (NADRB) metric, which satisfies six out of nine (67%) properties. In addition, the results from the statistical analysis show good statistical distribution characteristics (only the Number of Extended Rule Blocks (NERB) metric exceeds the rule-of-thumb threshold value of the Cliff’s delta). The correlation between the metric values and the size of the CSS documents is insignificant, suggesting that the presented metrics are indeed complexity rather than size metrics. The practical application of the presented CSS complexity metric suite is to assess the risk of CSS documents. The proposed CSS complexity metrics suite allows identification of CSS files that require immediate attention of software maintenance personnel.

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Software Code Smell Prediction Model Using Shannon, Rényi and Tsallis Entropies

Cited by 39 publications

References 62 publications

From Physics to Bioengineering: Microbial Cultivation Process Design and Feeding Rate Control Based on Relative Entropy Using Nuisance Time

From Physics to Bioengineering: Microbial Cultivation Process Design and Feeding Rate Control Based on Relative Entropy Using Nuisance Time

Quantitative Quality Evaluation of Software Products by Considering Summary and Comments Entropy of a Reported Bug

A Complexity Metrics Suite for Cascading Style Sheets

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