Soil and foliar nitrogen supply affects the composition of nitrogen and carbohydrates in young almond trees

Bi, Guoan; Cheng, Lailiang; Fuchigami, Leslie H.

doi:10.1080/14620316.2004.11511745

Cited by 18 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…These trees may also have stored higher amounts of TNC prior to leaf fall in autumn. Thus reducing N storage could increase TNC accumulation since N acquisition and storage is C costly (Bi et al 2004;Cheng et al 2002). This seems especially true that leaf fall dynamics in autumn were not affected by N treatments (Jordan et al 2009), as has sometimes been observed after a reduction in N supply (Kubiske et al 1998;Veberic et al 2002).…”

Section: May 29mentioning

confidence: 87%

Autumnal N storage determines the spring growth, N uptake and N internal cycling of young peach trees

Jordan

Wendler²,

Millard³

2011

Trees

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Although N storage determines early spring growth in trees, the usefulness of autumn N supply remains unclear as N uptake decreases in autumn, but could be restored earlier in spring to compensate for low N cycling. We intended here to evaluate the effects of autumn N supply on N uptake, storage and cycling, and spring growth. Four levels of N fertilisation were applied to 1-year-old peach trees, between the end of shoot growth and leaf fall. In spring, N supply was 15 N labelled. Organ dry weights and concentrations of 14 N, 15 N, starch and soluble sugars were evaluated after the first growth flush. Bud development had previously been described in the same trees by Jordan et al. (Trees-Struct Func 23:235-245, 2009). Fertilisation promoted autumn N uptake, spring N uptake and growth up to a threshold level, since no differences were evidenced between the three highest N treatments. The variability in tree 14 N contents was related to the number of phytomers per tree in autumn, i.e. to tree size. In spring, the depletion of the perennial structures was independent of treatment, indicating a complete mobilisation of the N stores. Spring growth was related to the amounts of cycling N, and spring N uptake was in turn proportioned to shoot and fruit growth. The lower N uptake of the N limited trees was not due to a C shortage since these trees displayed the highest starch concentrations. We conclude that a moderate autumn fertilisation improved spring growth and fruit production (Jordan et al. in TreesStruct Func 23:235-245, 2009) and that a deficit of N storage could not be compensated for by an increase in spring N uptake.

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Section: May 29mentioning

confidence: 87%

Autumnal N storage determines the spring growth, N uptake and N internal cycling of young peach trees

Jordan

Wendler²,

Millard³

2011

Trees

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“…However, there are some reports that fall foliar sprays of urea have a variable effect on plant growth the next year. Timing of application, urea concentration, and environmental conditions are known to influence plant response to foliar sprays of urea (Bi et al, 2004;Bremner, 1995;Xia and Cheng, 2004). It is possible that part of this variation in response to urea sprays may be a result of the effect of urea on other plant nutrients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research on fall urea sprays has focused on the changes to plant N status and correlating N status with growth, fertilizer demand, and N leaching losses during the following year (del Amor et al, 2007;Dong et al, 2004;Han et al, 1989). Although the influence of fall urea sprays on plant carbohydrate status has been reported (Bi et al, 2004;Xia and Cheng. 2004), the influence of urea sprays on the uptake of other nutrients and their potential influence on plant growth have predominantly been overlooked (Fallahi et al, 2002;Yildirim et al, 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

Rate of Nitrogen Application During the Growing Season and Spraying Plants with Urea in the Autumn Alters Uptake of Other Nutrients by Deciduous and Evergreen Container-grown Rhododendron Cultivars

Bi¹,

Fuchigami²,

Regan³

2008

horts

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The influence of fall sprays with urea on the uptake of nutrients other than nitrogen (N) was assessed using 1-year-old container-grown Rhododendron L. (Rhododendron ‘H-1 P.J.M’) and azalea (Rhododendron ‘Cannon's Double’) grown with different rates of N. Plants were grown with a complete fertilizer containing different N rates from May to Sept. 2004 sprayed or not with urea in the fall of 2004 and grown with a complete fertilizer containing different N rates in the spring of 2005. Urea sprays altered uptake of nutrients other than just N although fertilizer application with other nutrients ceased before plants were sprayed with urea. Across a wide range of plant sizes and N status, urea sprays increased net phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) uptake and decreased net potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) uptake during the year of urea application. Spraying plants with urea altered nutrient demand and storage in different plant structures during the winter. For azalea, urea sprays increased P demand by roots, Mn demand by 2004 stems, and Cu demand by stems. Urea also decreased storage of K in roots and 2004 stems of azalea and Mg in roots. For rhododendron, urea sprays increased P demand by 2003 stems and 2004 leaves and Mn demand by 2004 leaves. Urea sprays also decreased storage of K and Mg in 2004 leaves of rhododendron. For both cultivars, urea sprays increased mobilization of iron (Fe) from storage and demand for Fe in stems. Spraying Rhododendron with urea in the fall altered uptake and demand for certain nutrients during the following spring. Urea sprays in the fall of 2004 increased uptake and possibly demand for P, K, and sulfur during the spring of 2005 for both cultivars, the uptake of calcium by rhododendron, and the uptake of Mg and Mn by azalea. Our results indicate that when growers spray plants with urea in the fall, spring fertilizer practices may need to be modified to account for increased uptake or demand of certain nutrients.

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“…A previously published almond data set (Bi et al, 2004) demonstrates indirect effects that can occur when a plot of the denominator versus the numerator of a ratio-based expression has a negative y-intercept. June-budded 'Nonpaveil'/'Nemaguard' almond trees were grown in 8-L pots containing 1:2:1 (by volume) mix of peatmoss, pumice, and sandy loam soil under natural conditions in Corvallis, Ore. Five replicate plants were randomly assigned to one of five groups.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Analysis of Ratio-based Responses

Righetti¹,

Sandrock²,

Strik³

et al. 2007

J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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It is not appropriate to compare ratio-based expressions for different cultivars or treatments if a plot of the denominator versus the numerator of a ratio-based expression has a nonzero y-intercept and the values for either the denominators or numerators differ with cultivars or treatments. Whenever nonzero y-intercepts are encountered, the value for a ratio-based expression will be dependent on both the denominator and numerator. The “ratio problem” is demonstrated with shoot N concentration in blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and amino acid accumulation in almonds [Prunis dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb]. Data were collected from the first and second growth flush of blueberry shoots on plants that were at two in-row spacings and two rates of N fertilizer. Free amino acid:total amino acid ratios were measured in dormant almond trees fertilized at different rates with and without foliar N supplements. Functions describing the relationship between dry weight and total N content in blueberry tissues have positive y-intercepts for both N fertilizer application rates. Functions describing the relationship between total amino acids and free amino acids in almond trees have a negative y-intercept. Differences attributable to fertilization rate in blueberries probably were the result of differences in N uptake and N utilization, but the effects of spacing and growth flush are indirect and can be accounted for by differences in dry weight. Likewise, effects of fertilization rate and foliar N supplement in almonds are indirect and can be accounted for by differences in the total amino acids in dormant trees. With regression one can determine if the relationship between the denominator and numerator differs for the groups or treatments being studied. When an analysis of covariance is used to account for differences in the denominators of ratio-based expressions, results are consistent with the regression analysis. When a conclusion is based on statistical differences of a ratio-based expression, it is the researcher's responsibility to determine whether these effects are direct or indirect.

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Soil and foliar nitrogen supply affects the composition of nitrogen and carbohydrates in young almond trees

Cited by 18 publications

References 20 publications

Autumnal N storage determines the spring growth, N uptake and N internal cycling of young peach trees

Autumnal N storage determines the spring growth, N uptake and N internal cycling of young peach trees

Rate of Nitrogen Application During the Growing Season and Spraying Plants with Urea in the Autumn Alters Uptake of Other Nutrients by Deciduous and Evergreen Container-grown Rhododendron Cultivars

Analysis of Ratio-based Responses

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