Soil Bacterial Community and Soil Enzyme Activity Depending on the Cultivation of Triticum aestivum, Brassica napus, and Pisum sativum ssp. arvense

Abstract

This study aims to determine the effects of crops and their cultivation regimes on changes in the soil microbiome. Three plant species were selected for the study: Triticum aestivum, Brassica napus, and Pisum sativum ssp. arvense, that were cultivated in soils with a similar particle size fraction. Field experiments were performed on the area of the Iławski Lake District (north-eastern Poland) at the Production and Experimental Station ‘Bałcyny’ (53°35′49″ N, 19°51′20″ E). In soil samples counts, organotrophic bacteria and actinobacteria were quantified, and the colony development index (CD) and ecophysiological diversity index (EP) were computed. In addition, a 16S amplicon sequencing encoding gene was conducted based on the hypervariable region V3–V4. Further analyses included an evaluation of the basic physiochemical properties of the soil and the activities of dehydrogenases, catalase, urease, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, and β-glucosidase. Analyses carried out in the study demonstrated that the rhizosphere of Triticum aestivum had a more beneficial effect on bacteria development than those of Brassica napus and Pisum sativum ssp. arvense, as indicated by the values of the ecophysiological diversity index (EP) and OTU abundance calculated for individual taxa in the soils in which the studied crops were grown. More OTUs of the taxa Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Clostridia, Sphingomonadales, Rhodospirillales, Xanthomonadales, Streptomycetaceae, Pseudonocardiaceae, Acetobacteraceae, Solibacteraceae, Kaistobacter, Cohnella, Azospirillum, Cryptosporangium, Rhodoplanes, and Saccharopolyspora were determined in the bacteriome structure of the soil from Triticum aestivum cultivation than in the soils from the cultivation of Brassica napus and Pisum sativum ssp. arvense. Also, the activities of most of the analyzed enzymes, including urease, catalase, alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase, and arylsulfatase, were the higher in the soil sown with Triticum aestivum than in those with the other two plant species.

Soil Microbiome Response to Contamination with Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F and Bisphenol S

“…Soil enzymes are natural factors which accelerate several soil processes, which gave them the status of indicators of early changes of soil degradation and intensity of biological processes closely connected with the physicochemical properties of the soil environment [46,47]. The high activity of dehydrogenases was expected in line with scientific reports, regardless of the type of bisphenol applied to soil.…”

“…According to the International Patent Classification (IPC), bacteria have the highest bioremediation potential towards bisphenols [45]. Moreover, enzymes are critical parameters, components of modelling and simulation methods that determine the soil fertility [46,47]. The most effective enzymes include oxidoreductases such as: lignin peroxidase (LiP) (EC 1.11.1.14), manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) (EC 1.11.1.13), laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) and tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) [48,49].…”

Microbiological Study in Petrol-Spiked Soil

“…Then, 18 cm 3 of a selective medium (organotrophic bacteria—Bunt and Rovira medium, actinomycetes—Parkinson medium, and fungi—Martin medium) were added onto the dishes. The medium’s composition was presented in our earlier work [ 97 ]. Incubation was performed at a temperature of 28 °C for 10 days.…”

Microbiological and Biochemical Activity in Soil Contaminated with Pyrene Subjected to Bioaugmentation

“…Industrial and urban soils are the largest reservoirs of PAHs, especially in the layers rich in organic matter, where hydrocarbons can persist for years. Therefore, PAHs have an appreciable effect on the physicochemical properties of soil (Griffiths and Philippot 2013), while also disrupting the diversity of microorganisms living therein (Lipińska et al 2014;Borowik et al 2017;Wyszkowska et al 2019). The soildwelling microbes are considered to be one of the best indicators of soil quality, as they are very sensitive to any changes in their environment (Andreoni et al 2004).…”