Soil Carbon and Biochemical Indicators of Soil Quality as Affected by Different Conservation Agricultural and Weed Management Options

Abstract

Burning of agricultural residues, cultivation of single crop varieties such as rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and traditional soil tillage practices collectively contribute to the degradation of environmental quality, water systems, and soil resources. To address these issues, conservation agriculture (CA)-based crop management practice has emerged as one of the viable options. The current study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the effect of CA and weed management (WM) practices on carbon dynamics and biochemical properties of soil. The experiment included two factors, viz., CA and WM practices. The CA levels vary from conventional agriculture to partial CA (pCA1, pCA2, and pCA3) and full CA, while WM had three levels consisting of chemical control, integrated weed management, and weedy check. The results demonstrated that soil organic carbon (SOC) under the full CA treatment, was 30.6, 23.5, and 20.6 percent higher than conventional agriculture (T1), partial CA1, and partial CA2 practices, respectively. Similarly, labile fractions of carbon, KMnO4-C MBC, WSOC, and POC, in full CA increased by 46.3, 52.3, 152.4, and 15.6 percent, respectively, over conventional agriculture. Nonetheless, the total organic carbon exhibited no significant impact. The highest SOC stock was sequestered under full CA treatment, which was higher by 26.5 to 40.6 per cent than the rest of the CA treatments. Among biological properties, full CA resulted in 104.3 and 40.6 percent higher dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activity than conventional agriculture. The impact of weed management practices was significant for KMnO4-C, with very labile carbon and alkaline phosphatase activity only in the surface soil layer. Soil quality index (SQI) followed the decreasing order as full CA (0.94) > partial CA3 (0.88) > partial CA2 (0.78) partial CA1 (0.77) > conventional agriculture (0.67) under different CA treatments, whereas WM followed herbicide (0.82) > weedy check (0.81) > IWM (0.80). The current study offered incredible information on soil carbon and biological indicators to monitor soil quality changes in rice–wheat cropping systems in response to conservation agriculture practices.

Prediction of nitrogen, active carbon, and organic carbon‐to‐clay ratio in agricultural soils by in‐situ spectroscopy

“…For the POXC, our results indicate that vis-NIR spectroscopy can well predict the amount of soil active C (Calderon et al, 2017;Omer et al, 2020;Reijneveld et al, 2023). As previously observed (e.g., Plaza-Bonilla et al, 2014), in our dataset, there was a positive correlation between SOC and POXC (r = 0.88) suggesting that, as recently highlighted by Woodings and Margenot (2023), POXC may indeed reflect a more processed fraction of soil C. After taking into account the standardization of analytical methods for measuring POXC in soil samples (Wade et al, 2020), the reliable estimation of POXC by vis-NIR can represent a helpful tool to easily follow the temporal and spatial trends of a soil quality indicator that is expected to react more rapidly to agronomic management (Lucas & Weil, 2021;Plaza-Bonilla et al, 2014;Singh et al, 2023;Zhao et al, 2022).…”