Soil development in phosphate-mined created wetlands of Florida, USA

Nair, Vimala D.; Graetz, D. A.; Reddy, K. R.; Olila, O. G.

doi:10.1672/0277-5212(2001)021[0232:sdipmc]2.0.co;2

Cited by 38 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Lindau and Hossner (1981) observed a similar response in a 2‐year‐old created Texas salt marsh as soil organic matter, and N concentrations were highest at low elevations of the marsh and decreased with elevation. Nair et al (2001) reported similar trends in surface soil bulk density, organic C, and N along transects from uplands into the interior of freshwater wetlands in Florida.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…In many cases, wetlands are created by grading the site to re‐create or restore wetland hydrology and by planting to facilitate establishment of hydrophytic vegetation (Kusler & Kentula 1989). Studies of estuarine and freshwater created wetlands indicate that hydrophytic vegetation becomes established within 3 to 5 years (Erwin & Best 1985, Erwin et al 1985; Seneca et al 1985; Broome et al 1986; Mitsch et al 1998), but other ecological functions (e.g., habitat, food webs, nutrient cycles, soils) take longer to develop (Zedler 1993; Broome & Craft 2000; Craft et al 1999; Nair et al 2001). In most situations, it is unclear how long some ecological functions take to develop because of the young age of most created wetlands (<10 years) and because ecological parameters other than vegetation are not measured on a consistent basis, if at all, after creation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fifteen Years of Vegetation and Soil Development after Brackish‐Water Marsh Creation

Craft

Broome

Campbell

2002

Restoration Ecology

164

109

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Aboveground biomass, macro‐organic matter (MOM), and wetland soil characteristics were measured periodically between 1983 and 1998 in a created brackish‐water marsh and a nearby natural marsh along the Pamlico River estuary, North Carolina to evaluate the development of wetland vegetation and soil dependent functions after marsh creation. Development of aboveground biomass and MOM was dependent on elevation and frequency of tidal inundation. Aboveground biomass of Spartina alterniflora, which occupied low elevations along tidal creeks and was inundated frequently, developed to levels similar to the natural marsh (750 to 1,300 g/m2) within three years after creation. Spartina cynosuroides, which dominated interior areas of the marsh and was flooded less frequently, required 9 years to consistently achieve aboveground biomass equivalent to the natural marsh (600 to 1,560 g/m2). Aboveground biomass of Spartina patens, which was planted at the highest elevations along the terrestrial margin and seldom flooded, never consistently developed aboveground biomass comparable with the natural marsh during the 15 years after marsh creation. MOM (0 to 10 cm) generally developed at the same rate as aboveground biomass. Between 1988 and 1998, soil bulk density decreased and porosity and organic C and N pools increased in the created marsh. Like vegetation, wetland soil development proceeded faster in response to increased inundation, especially in the streamside zone dominated by S. alterniflora. We estimated that in the streamside and interior zones, an additional 30 years (nitrogen) to 90 years (organic C, porosity) are needed for the upper 30 cm of created marsh soil to become equivalent to the natural marsh. Wetland soil characteristics of the S. patens community along upland fringe will take longer to develop, more than 200 years. Development of the benthic invertebrate‐based food web, which depends on organic matter enrichment of the upper 5 to 10 cm of soil, is expected to take less time. Wetland soil characteristics and functions of created irregularly flooded brackish marshes require longer to develop compared with regularly flooded salt marshes because reduced tidal inundation slows wetland vegetation and soil development. The hydrologic regime (regularly vs. irregularly flooded) of the “target” wetland should be considered when setting realistic expectations for success criteria of created and restored wetlands.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fifteen Years of Vegetation and Soil Development after Brackish‐Water Marsh Creation

Craft

Broome

Campbell

2002

Restoration Ecology

164

109

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“…For successful mitigation of both carbon-based functions and net carbon balance, a created wetland must re-sequester this lost carbon. However, wetlands created to mitigate wetland loss contain less soil organic carbon (Lindau and Hossner 1981, Craft et al 1991, Moy and Levin 1991, Bishel-Machung et al 1996, Shaffer and Ernst 1999, Stolt et al 2000, Nair et al 2001, Fennessy et al 2004, Bruland and Richardson 2005; and, it is unclear whether these created wetlands will attain the carbon levels of natural wetland soils (Bishel-Machung et al 1996, Shaffer and Ernst 1999, Zedler and Callaway 1999, Fennessy et al 2004, but see also Nair et al 2001, Craft et al 2002. Newly created systems are expected to have lower SOC than their natural counterparts: created wetlands are established in upland soil, which typically is lower in SOC than wetland soil (German Advisory Council on Global Change 1998, Bridgham et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil development and establishment of carbon‐based properties in created freshwater marshes

Hossler

Bouchard

2010

Ecological Applications

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The current U.S. wetland mitigation policy of "no net loss" requires that a new wetland be created to replace any natural wetland destroyed under development pressures. This policy, however, may be resulting in a net loss of carbon-based wetland functions. We evaluated the ability of created wetlands to accumulate carbon and to mitigate loss of carbon-based functions in natural wetlands with variable hydrology. Potential limiting factors to carbon accumulation within created systems included soil aggregation, texture, and bulk density. Rates of soil development and the time required for created wetlands to accumulate the amount of carbon found in natural wetlands were estimated by an exponential model. Soils collected from five created (ages 3-8 years) and four natural freshwater marshes, located in central Ohio, USA, were analyzed for soil organic carbon (SOC), mineralizable soil carbon (Cmin), water-stable aggregates (WSA), particle-size fractions (PSD), and bulk density. Peak-standing aboveground plant biomass was also quantified. Created wetlands contained significantly less plant biomass, SOC, and Cmin than natural wetlands (c < 0.05; false discovery rate). Soil physical properties also differed significantly between created and natural wetlands, with fewer macroaggregates, more microaggregates, more silt-clay (0-5 cm only), and higher bulk density in created wetlands (a < 0.05; false discovery rate). Carbon content was positively correlated with macroaggregate content and negatively correlated with microaggregate content, silt-clay fraction, and bulk density. Fit of SOC data to the exponential model indicated that a newly created wetland would require 300 years to sequester the amount of SOC contained in a natural wetland. At this rate of carbon accumulation, a mitigation ratio of 2.7:1 (area) would be necessary for successful mitigation over a 50-year time period. However, other trajectories fit the data equally well and suggested area mitigation ratios of 2.2:1 (logistic) to 4.4:1 (linear regression) to 5.1:1 (exponential regression). Whether created wetlands are on a trajectory toward natural wetland carbon function, however, remains uncertain. Until gaps in the data are filled and a trajectory verified, the best mitigation policy will be a conservative one, with a restrictive permitting process and high mitigation ratios (5.1:1 minimum).

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“…annually, and 25-30 % of the lands impacted by phosphate mining are isolated or hydrologically connected wetlands (FDEP 2010). Although, reclaimed phosphate-mined land soils differ from native soils, soil development in created wetlands on overburden fill, and sand tailings mimics that of natural wetland soil formation; that is, organic matter accumulates, C:N ratio decreases, and bulk density decreases with increasing wetland age (Nair et al 2001). …”

Section: Impacts Of Strip-mining For Phosphatesmentioning

confidence: 99%