Soil Erosion Catastrophe in Iraq-Preview, Causes and Study Cases

Eltaif, N. I.; Gharaibeh, Mamoun A.

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-12112-8_9

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 82 publications

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“…Front Garden House -Baghdad (FGHB): Sandy loam soil, transported from the levee of the Tigris River for the cultivation of home gardens, taken from the front garden of a residential house in the District Al-Amriya, capital of Baghdad, Iraq, and planted with palm trees and some weeds. Soil Levee Tigris River characteristics described and discussed ‫‬ by Buringh and Edelman (1955), Kukal and Al-Jassim (1971), Eltaif and Gharaibeh (2022), and Al-Mafrajee and El-Rubaee (2022).…”

Section: Soil Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-‎cost Soil ‎moisture Sensors’ Assessment for Their Accuracy After Calibration Through the ‎gravimetric Method

AL-RAWI

2024

SABRAOJBG

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The existing study aimed to assess four soil moisture sensors' capacitive (WH51 and SKU: SEN0193) and resistive (Yl69 and IC Station) abilities, which are affordable and medium-priced for their accuracy in six common soil types in the central region of Iraq. The readings' calibration for the soil moisture sensor devices continued through two gravimetric methods. The first depended on the protocols' database, while the second was the traditional calibration method. The second method recorded the lowest analysis error compared with the first. The moderate-cost sensor WH51 showed the lowest standard error (SE), MAD , and RMSE and the highest R² in both methods. The performance accuracy of WH51 was close to readings shown by the manufacturing company (1%), as the MAD amounted to 1.62%. Through both methods, the average MAD for sensors ranged from 4.76% to 7.36%, with this result considered acceptable, especially for low-cost sensors with insufficient available information for accuracy. In general, the average mean absolute percentage (MAPE) for all sensors was 25.54%, which means that the validity of the measurement for the low-cost sensors reached 75%. It encourages their use by plant breeders in irrigation, as the error rate was less than the specified depletion of 50% for available water in irrigation, where all study textures showed that the sensor reading reached the limits of 72 (±2), adopting 3% MAD for all sensors. The study affirms that, except for the IC station sensor recommended for irrigation use only in sandy-sandy loam soils, low-cost sensors have suitable accuracy for irrigation management.

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Section: Soil Studymentioning

confidence: 99%