Soil Ingestion Estimates for Children Residing on a Superfund Site

Calabrese, Edward J.; Stanek, Edward J.; Pekow, Penelope S.; Barnes, Ramon M.

doi:10.1006/eesa.1996.1511

Cited by 105 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Ingestion rates (R in ) used in Equation 7 were those employed in the CLEA model (DEFRA and Environment Agency 2002a). These were derived from literature studies where tracers are used to estimate soil ingestion (Calabrese et al 1997;Stanek et al 2001) and are displayed in Table 2. Due to the nature of tracer studies, the soil ingestion estimates were assumed to incorporate all soil, including that adhered to vegetables.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing potential risk of heavy metal exposure from consumption of home-produced vegetables by urban populations.

Hough

Breward

Young

et al. 2004

Environ Health Perspect

314

174

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We performed a risk assessment of metal exposure to population subgroups living on, and growing food on, urban sites. We modeled uptake of cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc for a selection of commonly grown allotment and garden vegetables. Generalized linear cross-validation showed that final predictions of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn content of food crops were satisfactory, whereas the Pb uptake models were less robust. We used predicted concentrations of metals in the vegetables to assess the risk of exposure to human populations from homegrown food sources. Risks from other exposure pathways (consumption of commercially produced foodstuffs, dust inhalation, and soil ingestion) were also estimated. These models were applied to a geochemical database of an urban conurbation in the West Midlands, United Kingdom. Risk, defined as a "hazard index," was mapped for three population subgroups: average person, highly exposed person, and the highly exposed infant (assumed to be a 2-year-old child). The results showed that food grown on 92% of the urban area presented minimal risk to the average person subgroup. However, more vulnerable population subgroups (highly exposed person and the highly exposed infant) were subject to hazard index values greater than unity. This study highlights the importance of site-specific risk assessment and the "suitable for use" approach to urban redevelopment.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing potential risk of heavy metal exposure from consumption of home-produced vegetables by urban populations.

Hough

Breward

Young

et al. 2004

Environ Health Perspect

314

174

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Generally, different intake pathways concurrently contribute to an overall exposure, but to variable extents dependent on individual activities and on age-specific behaviors. As an important human exposure pathway of contaminants, soil ingestion is of increasing concern for assessing health risk from PAHs in soils (Tang et al 2006) particularly relevant for children playing in contaminated sites due to their handto-mouth activities (Calabrese et al 1997). The daily amount of soil ingestion was estimated to be in the range of 50-200 mg day -1 (Van Wijnen et al 1990).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations and bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater-irrigated soil using in vitro gastrointestinal test

Khan

Cao

Lin

et al. 2008

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Background, aim, and scope Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental contaminants and contribute to the pollution of soil environment. Soil ingestion is of increasing concern for assessing health risk from PAH-contaminated soils because soil ingestion is one of the potentially important pathways of exposure to environmental pollutants, particularly relevant for children playing at contaminated sites due to their hand-to-mouth activities. In vitro gastro-intestinal tests imitate the human digestive tract, based on the physiology of humans, generally more simple, less time-consuming, and especially more reproducible than animal tests. This study was conducted to investigate the level of PAH contamination and oral bioaccessibility in surface soils, using physiologically based in vitro gastro-intestinal tests regarding both gastric and small intestinal conditions. Materials and methods Wastewater-irrigated soils were sampled from the metropolitan areas of Beijing and Tianjin, China, which were highly contaminated with PAHs. Reference soil samples were also collected for comparisons. At each site, four soils were sampled in the upper horizon at the depth of 0-20 cm randomly and were bulked together to form one composite sample. PAH concentrations and origin were investigated and a physiologically based in vitro test was conducted using all analytical grade reagents. Linear regression model was used to assess the relationship between total PAH concentrations in soils and soil organic carbon (SOC). Results A wide range of total PAH concentrations ranging from 1,304 to 3,369 μg kg -1 in soils collected from different wastewater-irrigated sites in Tianjin, while ranging from 2,687 to 4,916 μg kg -1 in soils collected from different wastewater-irrigated sites in Beijing, was detected. In general, total PAH concentrations in soils from Beijing sites were significantly higher than those from Tianjin sites, indicating a dominant contribution from both pyrogenic and petrogenic sources. Results indicated that the oral bioaccessibility of PAHs in small intestinal was significantly higher (from P<0.05 to P<0.001) than gastric condition. Similarly, the oral bioaccessibility of PAHs in contaminated sites was significantly higher (from P≤0.05 to P<0.001) than in reference sites. Individual PAH ratios (three to six rings), a more accurate and reliable estimation about the emission sources, were used to distinguish the natural and anthropogenic PAH inputs in the soils. Results indicated that PAHs were both pyrogenic and petrogenic in nature. Discussion The identification of PAH sources and importance of in vitro test for PAH bioaccessibility were emphasized in this study. The oral bioaccessibility of individual PAHs in soils generally decreased with increasing ring numbers of PAHs in both the gastric and small intestinal conditions. However, the ratio of bioaccessibility of individual PAHs in gastric conditions to that in the small intestinal condition generally increased with increasing ring number...

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“…Reliable methods to monitor nondietary ingestion of environmental contaminants have not been developed (9). However, nondietary ingestion of soil and dust has been monitored in fecal samples using tracer elements (50)(51)(52)(53)(54). These studies require the collection of dietary data and concentrations of contaminants in residential soil and dust to link the tracers to ingested soil and then to estimate ingestion of contaminants.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Children's Exposure Assessment: A Review of Factors Influencing Children's Exposure, and the Data Available to Characterize and Assess That Exposure

Hubal¹,

Sheldon²,

Burke³

et al. 2000

Environ Health Perspect

228

156

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Soil Ingestion Estimates for Children Residing on a Superfund Site

Cited by 105 publications

References 14 publications

Assessing potential risk of heavy metal exposure from consumption of home-produced vegetables by urban populations.

Assessing potential risk of heavy metal exposure from consumption of home-produced vegetables by urban populations.

Concentrations and bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater-irrigated soil using in vitro gastrointestinal test

Children's Exposure Assessment: A Review of Factors Influencing Children's Exposure, and the Data Available to Characterize and Assess That Exposure

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