Soil microbes-mediated enzymes promoted the secondary succession in post-mining plantations on the Loess Plateau, China

Abstract

function. The relative abundance of Nitrospira genus which dominates the nitrification increased 5.2fold. The results showed that urease and β-glucosidase promoted the increase of vegetation diversity and biomass by promoting the accumulation of soil organic matter and nitrate nitrogen, which promoted the ecological restoration of mine dumps.

Nano-Restoration for Sustaining Soil Fertility: A Pictorial and Diagrammatic Review Article

“…Figure 2. Soil restoration for sustainable agriculture including the forms, the approaches, and strategies (Sources: [31,38,39]). Abbreviations: Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF).…”

“…Restoration of soil fertility can be achieved through sustainable management of degraded lands, such as climate change mitigation through the cultivation of bioenergy crops, production of animal proteins through intensive rotational grazing, and restoration of biodiversity by converting degraded croplands into conservation plantings [38]. Soil fertility can be restored by applying different approaches as presented in Figure 3, which may include using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, applying organic amendments, inorganic fertilization, nanomaterials and nano-nutrients, cover crops and soil surface mulching, preventing hardening or compaction of the soil, integrated application of fertilizers to include organic, inorganic and biofertilizer, perennialization of cropping systems, and enhancing the sources of ecosystem services [38,39]. Several kinds of degraded soils are well-known, such as sandy soils in arid regions, waterlogged soils, polluted soils, mined soils, and salt-affected soils.…”

“…Alternatives to chemical fertilizers should be explored and developed, such as plant growth promoters (plant growth-promoting bacteria or PGPB and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria or PGPR) and biofertilizers, to create eco-friendly and sustainable agricultural systems [47]. The soil-plant-microbe nexus behaves differently under different environmental conditions like salinity [52], alkalinity [84], pollution [124], mining soils [39], and integrated mineral regulation under the plant-microbe system [125]. The role of plants and microbes in the restoration of soil health and fertility can be attributed mainly to soil nutrient accumulation and vegetation restoration through root exudates as well as boosted nutritional metabolism of plants via microbial enzymes [39].…”

“…The soil-plant-microbe nexus behaves differently under different environmental conditions like salinity [52], alkalinity [84], pollution [124], mining soils [39], and integrated mineral regulation under the plant-microbe system [125]. The role of plants and microbes in the restoration of soil health and fertility can be attributed mainly to soil nutrient accumulation and vegetation restoration through root exudates as well as boosted nutritional metabolism of plants via microbial enzymes [39]. A strong relationship between soil fertility and the interaction between plants/microbes and soil has been reported in the literature, especially using different indicators of soil health and/or some soil fertility indices such as biochemical index of soil fertility (Kucharski et al, 2009) [126].…”

“…attributed mainly to soil nutrient accumulation and vegetation restoration through root exudates as well as boosted nutritional metabolism of plants via microbial enzymes [39]. A strong relationship between soil fertility and the interaction between plants/microbes and soil has been reported in the literature, especially using different indicators of soil health and/or some soil fertility indices such as biochemical index of soil fertility (Kucharski et al, 2009) [126].…”