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iForest -Biogeosciences and Forestry
IntroductionSoil health and quality may be successfully monitored through the use of two microbial indexes: (i) the microbial biomass, which is defined by the living component of soil organic matter, excluding the macrofauna and plant roots; and (ii) soil microbial respiration (basal respiration), which is described by the respiration without the addition of an organic substrate to soil (Jenkinson & Ladd 1981, Alef 1995, Sparling 1997. The microbial biomass is small and labile as compared with other ecosystem components; however, because of its key role in the mineralization of nutrients such as C, N, P and S, it is considered a reliable indicator of changes in soil characteristics (Jenkinson & Ladd 1981, Powlson et al. 1987, Balota et al. 2003. Balota et al. (2013) report that changes in the microbial properties of soil may lead to important changes in soil quality, thus affecting nutrient cycling and plant development. Haris (2003) clearly affirmed that the microbial community serves as an indicator of the re-establishment of connections between ecological functions of the biota in disturbed ecosystems. Despite the large variations in mineralogy, soil texture and land use type, extreme environments usually show low organic matter and very low microbial biomass contents, which indicate poor soil quality and limited site productivity (Sparling 1997, Guénon et al. 2013.Soil basal respiration is a well-established parameter to be measured through the decomposition process, and it is defined as the overall activity or energy spent by the indigenous microbial pool (Anderson & Domsch 1990, Sparling 1997. Insam et al. (1991) argued that soil basal respiration reflects the availability of slow-flowing C for microbial permanence and is a measure of basic turnover rates in soil.Robinia pesudoacacia L. (black locust or false acacia) is a deciduous, broad-leaved, light-demanding, medium-sized pioneer tree ranging in height 20-25 m. Black locust is regarded as an invasive, non-indigenous species in many parts of Europe, such as Germany, Italy and Turkey (Ansin & Özkan 1997, Cierjacks et al. 2013. It is well-adapted to grow on different types of soil and environmetal conditions, though it avoids compacted or wet soils. Indeed, its demand for aerated soil is the reason why black locust can be primarily found in disturbed sites from poor to fertile soils (Sabo 2000, Cierjacks et al. 2013. Black locust shows a rapid growth and adaptability, for it has been utilized for soil conservation or fuel wood, as well as for early reforestation of barren soils at disturbed sites (Landgraf et al. 2005, Keskin & Makineci 2009, Noh et al. 2010). However, in Turkey it has been long cultivated as an ornamental plant and it can be currently found in schoolyards, roadsides or other marginal lands (Ansin & Özkan 1997). This tree species is characterized by an extensive root system (Zhou & Shangguan 2005) nodulated by diverse nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium communities, providing the host with an advantage over na...