Soil microbial biomass and nitrogen supply in an irrigated lowland rice soil as affected by crop rotation and residue management

Witt, Christian; Cassman, Kenneth G.; Ottow, J. C. G.; Biker, U.

doi:10.1007/s003740050465

Cited by 42 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…A recent field study demonstrated that incorporation of rice stubble during the fallow period when soil is aerated, instead of the standard practice of incorporation in flooded soil, can increase the soil N supply to a following rice crop (31). This finding is consistent with the phenol accumulation hypothesis and suggests that tillage and residue management practices can be modified to increase soil N supply by allowing phenol oxidation and thereby reducing requirements for applied N.…”

Section: Soil Qualitysupporting

confidence: 77%

Ecological intensification of cereal production systems: Yield potential, soil quality, and precision agriculture

Cassman

1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), and maize (Zea mays L.) provide about two-thirds of all energy in human diets, and four major cropping systems in which these cereals are grown represent the foundation of human food supply. Yield per unit time and land has increased markedly during the past 30 years in these systems, a result of intensified crop management involving improved germplasm, greater inputs of fertilizer, production of two or more crops per year on the same piece of land, and irrigation. Meeting future food demand while minimizing expansion of cultivated area primarily will depend on continued intensification of these same four systems. The manner in which further intensification is achieved, however, will differ markedly from the past because the exploitable gap between average farm yields and genetic yield potential is closing. At present, the rate of increase in yield potential is much less than the expected increase in demand. Hence, average farm yields must reach 70-80% of the yield potential ceiling within 30 years in each of these major cereal systems. Achieving consistent production at these high levels without causing environmental damage requires improvements in soil quality and precise management of all production factors in time and space. The scope of the scientific challenge related to these objectives is discussed. It is concluded that major scientific breakthroughs must occur in basic plant physiology, ecophysiology, agroecology, and soil science to achieve the ecological intensification that is needed to meet the expected increase in food demand. This paper explores biophysical constraints to global food security in the next century. Emphasis is placed on wheat, rice, and maize, because these three plant species account for the majority of calories in human diets (http:͞͞apps.fao.org͞, agricultural production, November 1998), and they are likely to remain the mainstay of human nutrition in the foreseeable future. Intensification of wheat, rice, and maize cropping systems was largely responsible for averting a shortfall in food supply during the past three decades-a 30-year period marking the advent of the so-called ''green revolution.'' The most salient feature of these intensified systems was greater yield per unit land and time.Although appropriate government policies and social conditions also were required to promote intensification, three production factors were largely responsible for the increased production achieved by farmers. These factors were: (i) new ''miracle'' varieties of wheat and rice released in the mid to late 1960s, which had a higher harvest index (HI; the ratio of grain to total crop biomass), shorter stature, and increased stalk strength that reduced susceptibility to lodging, as well as steady improvement in maize hybrids; (ii) increased application of N fertilizer, which allowed greater net primary production without fear of lodging; and (iii) massive investments in irrigation infrastructure, which were justified by the greater yie...

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Section: Soil Qualitysupporting

confidence: 77%

Ecological intensification of cereal production systems: Yield potential, soil quality, and precision agriculture

Cassman

1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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1,208

640

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“…Microbial biomass N by contrast in a continuous doublecropped rice system in the Tropics was lower and remained relatively stable at about 20 to 35 kg N ha −1 throughout the growing season (Witt et al, 1998). In this study, microbial biomass N was not strongly aff ected by residue incorporation or fertilizer N application.…”

Section: Mineralization and Immobilizationmentioning

confidence: 44%

“…In this study, microbial biomass N was not strongly aff ected by residue incorporation or fertilizer N application. Even though microbial activity infl uenced residue decomposition and the net release and availability of N, microbial biomass N was a poor indicator of N dynamics and availability of N to the rice crop (Witt et al, 1998(Witt et al, , 2000a.…”

Section: Mineralization and Immobilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen Transformations in Submerged Soils

Buresh

Reddy

Kessel

2015

Agronomy Monographs

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Soils with continuous or intermitt ent submergence by water are widely distributed worldwide. They occur in a range of ecosystems including rice (Oryza sativa L.) fi elds, wetlands, estuaries, and fl oodplains. Such ecosystems oft en occur at low elevation in the landscape and are poorly drained with high retention of water. In addition, some upland areas with poor drainage can undergo periodic submergence and soil saturation. Moreover, the sediments in ocean, lake, and stream bottoms have similar biogeochemical and physical characteristics and N transformations as submerged agricultural soils.Rice fi elds surrounded by earthen levees to retain rain and irrigation water and ensure soil submergence are one of the world's major agricultural ecosystems. Rice is a staple food for nearly half the world's population, and about 95% of the global rice production occurs on fi elds with soil submerged during at least part of the rice-cropping period. The sustained productivity of this rice ecosystem, which ensures production of suffi cient food for a growing world population, relies heavily on the input and management of N.Nitrogen transformations in submerged soils are markedly diff erent from those in drained, aerated soils. These diff erences aff ect the prevalent soil microorganisms and microbial activities and the turnover, availabilility, and losses of N. To deal with the diff erences in N transformations between submerged and drained soils it is necessary to understand the biogeochemical conditions existing in submerged soils. This chapter is an update of an earlier review by Patrick (1982).

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“…Only a few studies have measured DON in paddy soil. Witt et al (1998) showed that after transplanting, DON increased and remained at a constant level. Half of DON in arable soil consists of hydrolysable amino sugars, heterocyclic-N bases, amino compounds, and free amino acids (Murphy et al 2000).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hara et al (2009) examined the effect of the timing (0, 2, and 4 weeks before puddling) of the application of cattle manure compost on N use efficiency in forage rice, and demonstrated that cattle manure compost could be an effective fertilizer if it is applied close to the time of puddling. Witt et al (1998) compared the incorporation of rice straw 63 d before transplanting to incorporation 14 d before transplanting in a double cropping system. They concluded that, compared to a later incorporation date, plant N accumulation and grain yield were 20-24% greater when the residue was incorporated earlier and without any application of chemical N fertilizer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of different application timings of methane fermentation digested liquid to paddy plots on soil nitrogen and rice yield

Watanabe

Nakamura

Ryu

et al. 2012

Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

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Treatment of animal and food wastes using a methane fermentation technique is drawing considerable public attention as a suitable option for the utilization of biomass resources. The application of a fermentation byproduct (methane fermentation digested liquid) as an agricultural fertilizer has been investigated. Determining the appropriate timing required for applying digested liquid on a rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddy plot is important. The concentrations of soil nitrogen (N) components and rice yield should be considered because digested liquid contains both inorganic and organic N. This study compares the N transformation and the rice yield and growth at different application times over a period of 3 y. The effects of the timing of basal application on soil N were different and the timing that maximized the rice yield was different in each year. Days before ponding (DBP) affected soil N before mid-summer drainage, and rice growth rates at the panicle formation stage and the ear emergence stage. The effects of DBP disappeared before harvest. The results indicated that sufficient potentially mineralizable N existed regardless of DBP, and the effect of DBP lessened after the mid-summer drainage, which coincides with the period when N uptake is most active.

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Soil microbial biomass and nitrogen supply in an irrigated lowland rice soil as affected by crop rotation and residue management

Cited by 42 publications

References 22 publications

Ecological intensification of cereal production systems: Yield potential, soil quality, and precision agriculture

Ecological intensification of cereal production systems: Yield potential, soil quality, and precision agriculture

Nitrogen Transformations in Submerged Soils

Effects of different application timings of methane fermentation digested liquid to paddy plots on soil nitrogen and rice yield

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