Soil moisture associations with burrow occupancy and reproductive success of Leach’s Storm-Petrels

Abstract

Parent birds are under selection to choose nest sites that protect themselves and their nestlings from threats. Burrownesting can provide protection from predators and buffer against inclement weather. Soil characteristics within and around burrows may determine suitability of sites for burrow-nesting, and parents may choose sites based on factors such as soil compaction, composition, and moisture. Leach's Storm-Petrels (Hydrobates leucorhous) nest in burrows on islands that likely reduce predation and provide thermoregulatory and humidity benefits. We tested for associations between volumetric water content (hereafter, soil moisture) and nest site selection, burrow occupancy, and nest success. Soil moisture readings were taken from inactive and active burrow entrances and comparison points on Bon Portage Island, Nova Scotia, Canada. Soil moisture was significantly higher at comparison points than at burrows in each year; however, there was no difference in soil moisture at inactive versus active burrows or between burrows that were deemed to have or not to have produced a fledgling. Lower moisture content may allow for easier excavation; however, Leach's Storm-Petrels often use the same burrow for many years, and soil moisture almost certainly changes over time, so measurements taken during our study may not be representative of conditions when sites were initially chosen. Nonetheless, burrowing will allow freer exchange of water vapor than burrow-free soil so that burrows are expected to have lower moisture than soil within the same microclimate. With climate change increasing the frequency of inclement weather, soil moisture data and use of weather stations may be useful for predicting which petrel burrows will be more susceptible to loss by flooding, thereby informing threat assessments during conservation planning.