Soil moisture, N, P, and forest cover effects on N fixation in alders in the southern boreal forest

Abstract

Outside of tropical and arid regions, plant productivity is limited by the availability of soil N.Ironically, these are the regions where N-fixing plants are restricted to early successional habitats. The energy cost of N fixation has been used to explain the paucity of N-fixing plants in late-successional ecosystems, and models predict reduced light and increased soil N availability will reduce N-fixing plant success. The lack of success of N-fixing plants has also been explained by their greater need for some elements, especially phosphorus. We examined the effect of N and P fertilizer over four years on N fixation in Alnus alnobetula spp. crispa in a mature Pinus banksiana forest in the southern boreal forest, and an adjacent site where wildfire had removed the tree canopy. We also monitored N fixation throughout two growing seasons examined the effect of artificial shading on photosynthesis. The addition of N or P fertilizer resulted in a 60% decrease in plant nodule nitrogenase activity. N fertilizer also reduced the proportion of cells in the root nodules containing N-fixing vesicles in the forest site. Shrubs in the forest had the highest photosynthetic rate when measured on a leaf mass basis, indicating an increased carbon capture efficiency compared with shrubs in the open. Over the course of two growing seasons, soil temperature had a positive effect on specific nitrogenase activity, and soil in the open site was warmer than soil in the forest in the spring. However, as soil moisture decreased, temperature was a weaker predictor of nitrogenase activity. Although all shrubs consistently acquired most of their N from fixation, shrubs in the forest derived more than shrubs in the open, which were more water limited. Overall, these results show that N-fixing plants may benefit from being in the understory for improved water balance in this region of the boreal forest. As such, light availability may not be the primary factor limiting the abundance of N-fixing shrubs.

Leguminous plants significantly increase soil nitrogen cycling across global climates and ecosystem types

“…Generally, symbiotic N fixation by legumes is highly sensitive to water availability (Dovrat & Sheffer, 2019). A number of tropical and temperate legumes exhibit a reduction in N fixation when subjected to soil moisture deficiencies (Elli et al, 2022; Markham & Anderson, 2021; Rousk et al, 2017), mainly because nitrogenase activities rely on the quantity of carbohydrates supplied to nodules, and the supply decreases under water‐limited conditions (Arfin‐Khan et al, 2014). In addition, the limitations in legume growth induced by drought result in lower nodule biomass and N fixation rates (McCulloch et al, 2021).…”

Comparative analysis of nitrogen content and its influence on actinorhizal nodule and rhizospheric microorganism diversity in three Alnus species

“…Alnus spp. (alder) is the most widely distributed plant genus of actinorhizal plants and is the dominant host of Frankia in Northern Hemisphere temperate forests ( Perakis and Pett-Ridge, 2019 ; Markham and Anderson, 2021 ). Moreover, Alnus is the only nitrogen-fixing tree genus in Betulaceae that can form symbioses with Frankia ( Benson and Silvester, 1993 ; Guo et al, 2019 ).…”