Soil penetration by maize roots is negatively related to ethylene‐induced thickening

Vanhees, Dorien J.; Schneider, Hannah; Sidhu, Jagdeep Singh; Loades, Kenneth; Bengough, A. Glyn; Bennett, Malcolm; Pandey, Bharati; Brown, Kathleen M.; Mooney, Sacha J.; Lynch, Jonathan P.

doi:10.1111/pce.14175

Cited by 30 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 84 publications

(185 reference statements)

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“…For example, the gaseous signal ethylene has recently been reported to accumulate around root tips when growing in compacted soil which triggers radial expansion and growth inhibition, whereas ethylene response mutants remain narrow and are able to continue to grow (Pandey et al, 2021). In this issue, Vanhees et al (2022) report that reduced root ethylene‐responsive growth and narrow roots are excellent phenotypic predictors for reduced sensitivity to soil compaction conditions. These results are in contrast to the previously proposed ideotype of thicker roots for penetrating compacted soil.…”

Section: Root Response To Soil Physical Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Root phenotypes for the future

Amtmann

Bennett

Henry

2022

Plant Cell & Environment

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Root phenotypes play profoundly important roles supporting plant growth and their adaptive responses to myriad environmental stresses. For example, architecture-scale traits such as root angle can have a major impact on foraging efficiency for immobile and mobile soil nutrients such as phosphate and nitrate, respectively (Schneider et al., 2022). Increasing evidence supports the importance of anatomical-scale traits, such as root hair length and xylem size, conferring abiotic stress tolerance in crops (Cai et al., 2022;Cornelis & Hazak 2022;Kohli et al., 2022), whilst major steps are being made to dissect molecular-scale adaptive mechanisms, such as ways roots detoxify metals and metalloids (Kirk et al., 2022;Podar & Maathuis, 2022). Knowledge of these root phenotypes and their underlying regulatory genes is vital for developing future crop varieties better adapted to the challenges presented by global climate change and the pressing need to support more sustainable agricultural practices. This represents a multi-scale and -disciplinary endeavour, spanning agronomy, molecular biology, phenomics, breeding, soil science, and ecology to study, discover and decipher the key environmental stresses, adaptive root phenotypes, and their underlying mechanisms (Figure 1). In this editorial, we give an overview of the content of the Special Issue of Plant, Cell & Environment on "Root Phenotypes for the Future." Based on the articles collated in this Special Issue we discuss emerging root traits and their regulatory mechanisms. The arising new insights underpin efforts to create crop varieties more resilient against future environmental stresses and better adapted to sustainable soil management practices.

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Section: Root Response To Soil Physical Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Root phenotypes for the future

Amtmann

Bennett

Henry

2022

Plant Cell & Environment

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“…Roots interact with the highly heterogeneous soil environment and strive against abiotic and biotic stresses to acquire water and nutrients ( Vanhees et al, 2022 ). Phytohormones are a class of small but efficient molecules involved in many physiological processes of plant development ( Mehmood et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ZmIAA5 regulates maize root growth and development by interacting with ZmARF5 under the specific binding of ZmTCP15/16/17

Yang

Shi

Zhao

et al. 2022

PeerJ

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Background The auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a type of endogenous plant hormone with a low concentration in plants, but it plays an important role in their growth and development. The AUX/IAA gene family was found to be an early sensitive auxin gene with a complicated way of regulating growth and development in plants. The regulation of root growth and development by AUX/IAA family genes has been reported in Arabidopsis, rice and maize. Results In this study, subcellular localization indicated that ZmIAA1-ZmIAA6 primarily played a role in the nucleus. A thermogram analysis showed that AUX/IAA genes were highly expressed in the roots, which was also confirmed by the maize tissue expression patterns. In maize overexpressing ZmIAA5, the length of the main root, the number of lateral roots, and the stalk height at the seedling stage were significantly increased compared with those of the wild type, while the EMS mutant zmiaa5 was significantly reduced. The total number of roots and the dry weight of maize overexpressing ZmIAA5 at the mature stage were also significantly increased compared with those of the wild type, while those of the mutant zmiaa5 was significantly reduced. Yeast one-hybrid experiments showed that ZmTCP15/16/17 could specifically bind to the ZmIAA5 promoter region. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation and yeast two-hybridization indicated an interaction between ZmIAA5 and ZmARF5. Conclusions Taken together, the results of this study indicate that ZmIAA5 regulates maize root growth and development by interacting with ZmARF5 under the specific binding of ZmTCP15/16/17.

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“…Compaction can lead to decreased, constant or even increased root numbers ( Bushamuka and Zobel, 1998 ; Grzesiak et al , 2014 ; Colombi and Walter, 2016 ). However, a recent study reported that rooting depth in compacted soil is independent of the number of roots formed ( Vanhees et al , 2021 ). While the number of roots may not matter, our results show that the penetration ability of different root classes could be important in determining root length distribution as well as rooting depth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theoretical evidence that root penetration ability interacts with soil compaction regimes to affect nitrate capture

et al. 2021

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Background and Aims Although root penetration of strong soils has been intensively studied at the scale of individual root axes, interactions between soil physical properties and soil foraging by whole plants are less clear. Here we investigate how variation in the penetration ability of distinct root classes and bulk density profiles common to real-world soils interact to affect soil foraging strategies. Methods We utilize the functional-structural plant model OpenSimRoot to simulate the growth of maize (Zea mays) root systems with variable penetration ability of axial and lateral roots in soils with 1) uniform bulk density, 2) plow pans, and 3) increasing bulk density with depth. We also modify the availability and leaching of nitrate to uncover reciprocal interactions between these factors and the capture of mobile resources. Key Results Soils with plow pans and bulk density gradients affected overall size, distribution, and carbon costs of the root system. Soils with high bulk density at depth impeded rooting depth and reduced leaching of nitrate, thereby improving the coincidence of N and root length. While increasing penetration ability of either axial or lateral root classes produced root systems of comparable net length, improved penetration of axial roots increased allocation of root length in deeper soil, thereby amplifying N acquisition and shoot biomass. Although enhanced penetration ability of both root classes was associated with greater root system carbon costs, the benefit to plant fitness from improved soil exploration and resource capture offset these. Conclusions While lateral roots comprise the bulk of root length, axial roots function as a scaffold determining the distribution of these laterals. In soils with high soil strength and leaching, root systems with enhanced penetration ability of axial roots have greater distribution of root length at depth, thereby improving capture of mobile resources.

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Soil penetration by maize roots is negatively related to ethylene‐induced thickening

Cited by 30 publications

References 84 publications

Root phenotypes for the future

Root phenotypes for the future

ZmIAA5 regulates maize root growth and development by interacting with ZmARF5 under the specific binding of ZmTCP15/16/17

Theoretical evidence that root penetration ability interacts with soil compaction regimes to affect nitrate capture

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