Soil stabilisation and earth construction: materials, properties and techniques

Hall, Matthew; Najim, Khalid B.; Dehdezi, Pejman Keikhaei

doi:10.1533/9780857096166.2.222

Cited by 35 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The dependence on the quality and dosage of clay on raw-earth mixes has implied that traditional practices begin to disappear. Recent studies (Barros & Imhoff, 2010;Hall, Najim & Keikhaei Dehdezi, 2012;Little & Morton, 2001;Toirac-Corral, 2008) proposed compacted soil-cement as an alternative that has a significantly better mechanical behavior compared to traditional raw-earth material.…”

Section: Soil-cement: Chemical Stabilization Opens a New Era For Eartmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obstacles and motivations for earthbag social housing in Chile: energy, environment, economic and codes implications

Cataldo-Born

Araya-Letelier

Pabón

2016

Revista de la Construcción

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Chile presents a social housing deficit that needs to be addressed with solutions that increase habitability and environmental benefits. This paper addresses the benefits of implementing earthbag buildings as an option to mitigate the existing social housing deficit in Chile. A literature review presents details on the use of earthbag buildings around the world, and motivations and obstacles for implementing earthbag buildings in Chile. In particular, a case study was simulated to compare an earthbag social house to a reinforced brick masonry social house in terms of environmental and economic performances such as CO 2 emissions, energy and costs. It is concluded that both alternatives generate similar CO 2 emissions, but the earthbag social house can save up to 20% of energy during its life cycle. In economic terms, the earthbag social house generates savings of 50% and 38% for initial investment and life cycle cost, respectively, compared to the reinforced brick masonry social house. The implementation of earthbag social housing projects would be encouraged by the development of a Chilean building code for earthbag design that provides guidance on the safe use of this technique in a seismic country.

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Section: Soil-cement: Chemical Stabilization Opens a New Era For Eartmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obstacles and motivations for earthbag social housing in Chile: energy, environment, economic and codes implications

Cataldo-Born

Araya-Letelier

Pabón

2016

Revista de la Construcción

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“…According to the literature, cement and lime are the most used additives for loess stabilization. However, this solution requires higher energy consumption and higher greenhouse gas emission during production [15,16]. Natural fibers are also common additives for loess reinforcement, in order to reduce the size of shrinkage cracks and to improve its durability and tensile strength, but other researchers reported that adding these fibers may reduce the compression strength [17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Studies on the Mechanical Properties of Loess Stabilized with Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose

2019

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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This research investigated the use of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a reinforcement to improve mechanical properties of loess soil found in northwestern China. The mechanical properties of loess were determined by unconfined compressive strength and split tensile strength tests. Three different contents of CMC were adopted: 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%. The results showed that utilizing CMC reduced the maximum dry density of the loess. The compressive strength, tensile strength, and Young’s modulus are enough to construct low-rise buildings when the CMC content exceeds 1.0%, based on existing standards. This research thus provides a prospective sustainability method for loess stabilization.

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“…The article also shows that a minimum of 9% of the cement additive and a soil mixture containing a gravel fraction are required, in order to ensure adequate rammed earth durability in a humid continental climate (i.e., frost resistance).Buildings 2020, 10, 26 2 of 20 size of the obtained soil, modifies the soil mixture. The need for cement stabilization is determined, among other things, by the exposure conditions of the rammed earth building and the requirements in terms of mechanical properties [3]. The ingredients are mixed together in an air-dry state and water is then added to ensure that the mixture is sufficiently moist, and therefore able to obtain sufficient workability for compaction by ramming.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Buildings 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 20 the grain size of the obtained soil, modifies the soil mixture. The need for cement stabilization is determined, among other things, by the exposure conditions of the rammed earth building and the requirements in terms of mechanical properties [3]. The ingredients are mixed together in an air-dry state and water is then added to ensure that the mixture is sufficiently moist, and therefore able to obtain sufficient workability for compaction by ramming.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Cement Stabilized Rammed Earth Durability in A Humid Continental Climate

Narloch

Woyciechowski

2020

Buildings

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The article compared the test results of a number of features determining the durability of rammed earth durability in a humid continental climate. The results of wet to dry compressive strength ratio, frost resistance, linear shrinkage, resistance to erosion under the influence of a stream of pressurized water, and resistance to erosion under the influence of cyclic wetting and drying were presented. All of the tests were done on the same soil-cement mixture. On this basis, it was determined which of the methods of durability assessment is more and which is less restrictive. A new method for assessing the durability of CSRE in a humid continental climate has been proposed, which is the frost resistance test. This test is determined by the method that is described in the national annex of the European concrete standard of one of the temperate climate countries. The article also shows that a minimum of 9% of the cement additive and a soil mixture containing a gravel fraction are required, in order to ensure adequate rammed earth durability in a humid continental climate (i.e., frost resistance).Buildings 2020, 10, 26 2 of 20 size of the obtained soil, modifies the soil mixture. The need for cement stabilization is determined, among other things, by the exposure conditions of the rammed earth building and the requirements in terms of mechanical properties [3]. The ingredients are mixed together in an air-dry state and water is then added to ensure that the mixture is sufficiently moist, and therefore able to obtain sufficient workability for compaction by ramming. The layers of the moist, loose mixture are laid in formwork and then compacted with a traditional or mechanized rammer. Once the layer has been properly compacted, further layers are successively added until the planned height of the element is reached. The formwork is then removed. The compaction of layers is intended to reduce the porosity of the material, which involves an increase in its bulk density.Buildings 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 20 the grain size of the obtained soil, modifies the soil mixture. The need for cement stabilization is determined, among other things, by the exposure conditions of the rammed earth building and the requirements in terms of mechanical properties [3]. The ingredients are mixed together in an air-dry state and water is then added to ensure that the mixture is sufficiently moist, and therefore able to obtain sufficient workability for compaction by ramming. The layers of the moist, loose mixture are laid in formwork and then compacted with a traditional or mechanized rammer. Once the layer has been properly compacted, further layers are successively added until the planned height of the element is reached. The formwork is then removed. The compaction of layers is intended to reduce the porosity of the material, which involves an increase in its bulk density.

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Soil stabilisation and earth construction: materials, properties and techniques

Cited by 35 publications

References 22 publications

Obstacles and motivations for earthbag social housing in Chile: energy, environment, economic and codes implications

Obstacles and motivations for earthbag social housing in Chile: energy, environment, economic and codes implications

Experimental Studies on the Mechanical Properties of Loess Stabilized with Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Assessing Cement Stabilized Rammed Earth Durability in A Humid Continental Climate

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