SoK: An Overview of PPG's Application in Authentication

Li, Lin; Chen, Chao; Pan, Lei; Zhang, Jun; Xiang, Yang

doi:10.48550/arxiv.2201.11291

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…A traditional approach to finding BP is to analyze the shape of the PPG waveforms by extracting the features of the shapes (The authors of [ 87 ] conducted a comprehensive study of PPG-based authentication and discussed these applications’ limitations before pointing out future research directions. In addition, the authors of [ 71 , 88 ] reviewed the recent efforts in developing these next-generation blood pressure-monitoring devices and compared various mathematical models.)…”

Section: Contact-based Bp Measurement From Ppg Signalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Pressure Measurement: From Cuff-Based to Contactless Monitoring

et al. 2022

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Blood pressure (BP) determines whether a person has hypertension and offers implications as to whether he or she could be affected by cardiovascular disease. Cuff-based sphygmomanometers have traditionally provided both accuracy and reliability, but they require bulky equipment and relevant skills to obtain precise measurements. BP measurement from photoplethysmography (PPG) signals has become a promising alternative for convenient and unobtrusive BP monitoring. Moreover, the recent developments in remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) algorithms have enabled new innovations for contactless BP measurement. This paper illustrates the evolution of BP measurement techniques from the biophysical theory, through the development of contact-based BP measurement from PPG signals, and to the modern innovations of contactless BP measurement from rPPG signals. We consolidate knowledge from a diverse background of academic research to highlight the importance of multi-feature analysis for improving measurement accuracy. We conclude with the ongoing challenges, opportunities, and possible future directions in this emerging field of research.

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Section: Contact-based Bp Measurement From Ppg Signalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Pressure Measurement: From Cuff-Based to Contactless Monitoring

et al. 2022

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“…Instead, PPG data is much easier to collect, and PPG sensors are much more cost-efficient than ECG sensors [7]. Also, PPG signals provide a solution to the vulnerability of traditional authentication systems against spoofing attacks, as it provide advantages such as being difficult to spoof or steal, and live detection [8]. Furthermore, several works have demonstrated the feasibility of PPGbased authentication systems, as the distinctive differences in PPG signals between individuals can be utilized for unique identification [9]- [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While PPG-based authentication is still in its early stages [8], various spoofing attacks have been attempted against PPG-based authentication systems. One example is the use of stealthy recording of PPG signals from non-genuine measurement sites (also known as presentation attacks) to deceive PPG-based authentication systems [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PulseOblivion: An Effective Session-Based Continuous Authentication Scheme Using PPG Signals

Aly¹,

Pietro²

2023

Preprint

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<p>In this paper, we propose a novel session-based continuous authentication scheme using photoplethysmography (PPG). The supporting model is developed in two phases: first, we utilize deep autoencoders to extract features from PPG signals, and later we adopt Local Outlier Factor (LOF) to authenticate the user. LOF is trained only on legitimate user data, making it practical for real-world scenarios. In detail, the model is trained on session-based data and generates user signatures at the beginning of each session with a short buffer duration. Despite its simplicity, our solution achieves staggering performance: an F1 score of 91.3% and 91.0% on the CapnoBase and BIMDC benchmarking datasets, respectively. Compared to a state-of-the-art baseline model, the proposed solution reduces by 2.3% the EER on the BIMDC dataset while attaining a 6%+ increase in the F1 metric with respect to the CapnoBase dataset. Additionally, the proposed solution has a faster runtime, requiring approximately 0.5 seconds to process 18,000 beats compared to the competing model's 3.6 seconds, resulting in an 85% reduction in runtime.</p>

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PulseOblivion: An Effective Session-Based Continuous Authentication Scheme Using PPG Signals

Aly,

Di Pietro

2023

Preprint

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<p>In this paper, we propose a novel session-based continuous authentication model using photoplethysmography (PPG). Unlike previous PPG-based authentication techniques that generate user signatures only during the initial interaction, our session-based approach tackles inter session PPG drifting by generating a user signature at the start of each session. Our model is composed by two modules: Firstly, heavy deep autoencoders (AE) are utilized for feature extraction and, secondly, a lightweight Local Outlier Factor (LOF) is employed for user authentication. Additionally, we introduce a continuous updating system for the LOF model, which automatically recovers from security breaches and can enhance authentication accuracy by more than 9%. Our experiments show that in a single-session scenario, our model achieves authentication accuracies of 93.5% and 91.8% on the CapnoBase and BIMDC benchmarking datasets, respectively, outperforming the state-of-the-art baseline model by 3.2% and 1.6% on both datasets, respectively. In multiple-session scenarios, our scheme attains an authentication accuracy of 95% when tested on the BioSec2 dataset, effectively mitigating inter-session PPG drifting and achieving an advantage of more than 8.5% in authentication accuracy over the state-of-the-art method. In terms of execution speed, our solution is seven times faster at runtime compared to competing state-of-the-art solutions.</p>

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SoK: An Overview of PPG's Application in Authentication

Cited by 4 publications

References 84 publications

Blood Pressure Measurement: From Cuff-Based to Contactless Monitoring

Blood Pressure Measurement: From Cuff-Based to Contactless Monitoring

PulseOblivion: An Effective Session-Based Continuous Authentication Scheme Using PPG Signals

PulseOblivion: An Effective Session-Based Continuous Authentication Scheme Using PPG Signals

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