Sol−Gel Materials in Electrochemistry

Abstract

The subject of sol-gel electrochemistry is introduced, starting with a brief account of milestones in its evolution. Then, the types of sol-gel materials that are useful for electrochemistry are presented, followed by a description of recent advances in the various fields of sol-gel electrochemistry. Modified electrodes, solid electrolytes, electrochromic devices, and corrosion protection coatings are described. Emerging fields such as RuO 2 supercapacitors and electrochemical synthesis of sol-gel precursors are also addressed.

Electrochromic glazing

“…There are several excellent reviews on cathodic and anodic solid state electrodes which can be used in EC devices either as electrochromic or non-coloring ion storage layers [27][28][29][30] . We will restrict our discussion to materials suitable for large-area glazings.…”

Design and application of a flow cell for carbon-film based electrochemical enzyme biosensors

“…The sol-gel reactions proceed by hydrolysis of an alkoxide precursor under acid or basic conditions and condensation of the hydroxylated monomers to form a porous siloxane polymer gel [18,19]. Enzyme encapsulation in sol-gel rather than in other matrices can improve some properties such as operational stability and activity compared to cross-linking with glutaraldehyde, and a longer linear range [14,[20][21][22]. Sol-gel biosensors using PNR and CuHCF as mediators were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy [15].…”

Peer Reviewed: Sol–Gels and Electrochemistry: Research at the Intersection.

“…tionalities ( Figure 3) can be used to introduce redox-active reagents into the inorganic framework (7,(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). The immobilized redox molecules can act as an electron shuttle to transfer the electron back and forth between the electrode surface and an encapsulated enzyme, for example.…”

“…This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of glucose with oxygen to form gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Electrochemical methods have been frequently used to monitor enzyme activity and quantify glucose in solution (7,33).…”