Sol–gel processing of energetic materials

Tillotson, Thomas M.; Hrubesh, Lawrence W.; Simpson, Robert B.; Lee, R.S; Swansiger, Rosalind W.; Simpson, LaShan

doi:10.1016/s0022-3093(98)00055-6

Cited by 99 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It is well known that the rate of energy release in nano-sized energetic materials is primarily controlled by chemical kinetics rather than mass transport [1][2][3][4], so nano-materials offer the possibility of faster energy release, more complete combustion and greater control over performance compared with conventional materials in micro-diameters. Therefore, the research of nano-composite energetic materials is being paid a wide attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Luo et al [6] prepared SiO 2 /AP/RDX nano-composites and found that SiO 2 cryogel was able to enhance the interaction between AP and RDX. However, the gel matrix of most nano-composite energetic materials prepared by sol-gel method was inert, such as SiO 2 matrix [1,7,8], RF (resorcinol-formaldehyde) matrix [9][10][11] and GA (graphene aerogel) matrix [12], which might limit the energy release of these materials. Nitrocellulose (NC) is a derivative of natural cellulose obtained by nitration and is widely used as an ingredient in propellants, explosives, fireworks and gas generators [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The thermal decomposition mechanism of nitrocellulose aerogel

Jin

Luo

et al. 2015

J Therm Anal Calorim

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Nitrocellulose (NC) aerogel was prepared by sol-gel synthetic approach and supercritical carbon dioxide drying method as a new energetic matrix for nano-composite energetic materials. Scanning electron microscopy of the NC aerogel reveals that the aerogel is accumulated by nanoparticles with a diameter of 30-50 nm and has nano-porous structure, which makes the thermal behavior of the NC aerogel different from that of the NC fibers. Therefore, the thermal properties of NC aerogel were determined by TG/DSC, which showed that the maximum decomposition temperature and the exothermic peak temperature of NC aerogel decreased 8.2 and 11.4°C than NC fibers, respectively. By TG/FTIR technology combined FTIR test of the condensed phase, the decomposition mechanism was derived based on the experimental results. The initial reaction of NC aerogel decomposition is the splitting of urethane bond, and then, the scission of -O-NO 2 bonds happens. Moreover, the macromolecular chains' scission site of NC aerogel firstly occurs at -C-O-C-in the ring, while the chains of NC fibers break at -C-O-C-between the rings.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The thermal decomposition mechanism of nitrocellulose aerogel

Jin

Luo

et al. 2015

J Therm Anal Calorim

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Uniqueness of the considered method of obtaining of hybrid nanocomposites is that at the stage of formation of the products of sol-gel synthesis different modifying dopants of organic or inorganic type can be incorporated, for example, 1,10-phenantrolinhydrochloride and butyl amine for absorption in UV region (<350 nm) and transparency in visible light. In sol-gel process also can be involved alumoxanes, carboxylates with general formula [Al(O) x (OH) y (OOCR) z ] n , at this stage ceramics can be doped by additional incorporation of acetylacetonate complexes M(acac) n (M ¼ Ca There may be advantageous sol-gel process, which causes formation of powerintensive materials [285][286][287][288][289]. For example, polymer sols resorcinol -formaldehyde and resorcinol -furfural were mixed with water solutions of inorganic salts NH 4 ClO 4 ,Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 and NH 4 NO 3 .…”

Section: Morphology and Fractal Models Of Hybrid Nanocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Nanocomposites Formation

Pomogailo

Джардималиева

2014

Nanostructured Materials Preparation via Condensation Ways

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This method called sol-gel or dip-and spin-on-glass process, spin-spray-coating, sol -gel glasses, which was widely used in the second half of the twentieth century [1] 1 is one of the most universal condensation ways of production of nanoparticles stabilized by inorganic oxide or polymeric matrices. A special interest is attracted to materials obtained by combination of sol-gel chemistry and aerosol or spray processes, and combination of sol-gel synthesis with intercalation. This also includes combinations of sol-gel processes with different types of thermolysis, and approaches met in nature in biomineralization processes, etc., which are new aspects of integrative chemistry approach. Traditional sol-gel concept is based on hydrolysis and condensation of metal alkoxides and many metalloids including different ways of their modification [2,3]. Main reactions proceed at relatively low temperatures with usage of prepared in advance or synthesized in parallel polymers, and are convenient techniques for preparation of organic-inorganic nanocomposites compared with commercial silicate-intercalation technique. Sizes of formed nanoparticles in a composite can be reduced to 10 nm by choice of relative conditions. Polymer-inorganic materials have high mechanical strength and thermal stability in combination with optimal heat transport properties. They are widely used in practice due to unique physical and chemical properties: incorporation of nanometric inorganic component into polymeric matrix improves mechanical properties of material [4][5][6][7], permeability of polymers [8]. Light-sensitive materials are used in optic and electronic industry, printed-circuit boards, photoconductive cells, as key elements in solid coatings, packing materials, as cover materials they have good transparency [9][10][11]. For example, sol-gel method was used to produce various polymer/TiO 2 composites with high refractive index [12]. Such type of composites are used for chromatographic carriers, membrane materials, these are the main class of plastics for different applications, including airspace. Controlled properties of the surface of these colloid 1 We refer here to the recent review devoted to celebration of 40th anniversary of innovation researches in polymer-inorganic ceramics produced by sol-gel technique [1].

show abstract

“…This porous structure gives rise to several physicochemical properties such as low density (∼0.03 g/cm 3 ), low thermal conductivity (∼0.02 Wm −1 K −1 ), low sound velocity (∼100 m/s) and high surface area (∼1600 m 2 /g) which finds applications in both science and technology like Cerenkov radiation detectors in nuclear reactors and high energy physics [1][2][3], windows for thermal and acoustic insulating systems [4,5], inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets for thermonuclear fusion reactions [6], containers for liquid rocket propellants [7], superthermal insulators in solar energy systems, refrigerators, thermos flasks and catalytic supports [8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%