Solanum trilobatum extract-mediated synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to control Pediculus humanus capitis, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Anopheles subpictus

Abstract

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are widely used in paints, printing ink, rubber, paper, cosmetics, sunscreens, car materials, cleaning air products, industrial photocatalytic processes, and decomposing organic matters in wastewater due to their unique physical, chemical, and biological properties. The present study was conducted to assess the antiparasitic efficacies of synthesized TiO2 NPs utilizing leaf aqueous extract of Solanum trilobatum against the adult head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae); larvae of cattle tick Hyalomma anatolicum (a.) anatolicum Koch (Acari: Ixodidae), and fourth instar larvae of malaria vector Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae). The green synthesized TiO2 NPs were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDX), and Atomic force microscopy (AFM). XRD analysis of synthesized TiO2 NPs revealed that the particles were in the form of nanocrystals as evidenced by the major peaks at 2θ values of 27.52°, 36.21°, and 54.43° identified as 110, 101, and 211 reflections, respectively. FTIR spectra exhibited a prominent peak at 3,466 cm(-1) and showed OH stretching due to the alcoholic group, and the OH group may act as a capping agent. SEM images displayed NPs that were spherical, oval in shape, individual, and some in aggregates with an average size of 70 nm. Characterization of the synthesized TiO2 NPs using AFM offered a three-dimensional visualization and uneven surface morphology. The pediculocidal and acaricidal activities of synthesized TiO2 NPs showed the percent mortality of 31, 42, 63, 82, 100; 36, 44, 67, 89, and 100 at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mg/L, respectively, against P. h. capitis and H. a. anatolicum. The average larval percent mortality of synthesized TiO2 NPs was 38, 47, 66, 79, and 100 at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mg/L, respectively, against A. subpictus. The maximum activity was observed in the aqueous leaf extract of S. trilobatum, TiO(OH)2 solutions (bulk), and synthesized TiO2 NPs with LC50 values of 35.14, 25.85, and 4.34 mg/L; 47.15, 29.78, and 4.11 mg/L; and 28.80, 24.01, and 1.94 mg/L, and r (2) values of 0.982, 0.991, and 0.992; 0.947, 0.987, and 0.997; and 0.965, 0.998 and 0.985, respectively, against P. h. capitis, H. a. anatolicum, and A. subpictus. This study provides the first report on the pediculocidal, acaricidal, and larvicidal activity of synthesized TiO2 NPs. This is an ideal eco-friendly, novel, low-cost, and simple approach to satisfy the requirement of large-scale industrial production bearing the advantage for the control of P. h. capitis, H. a. anatolicum, and A. subpictus.

The current trends in the green syntheses of titanium oxide nanoparticles and their applications

“…The reaction mixtures start vigorously when a precursor TiO 2 salt is adulterated with plant extract, color change indicates the first sign of synthesis that can then be confirmed afterwards by spectroscopic techniques. Several color indicators have been reported ranging from light green to dark green in the formation of TiO 2 NPs Dobrucka (13), Rajakumar et al (23), Rajakumar et al (24).…”

In vitrocytotoxicity and antibiotic application of green route surface modified ferromagnetic TiO2nanoparticles

“…22 Several reports are available for the synthesis of TiO 2 NPs using plant/leaf extracts of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Solanum trilobatum, Annona squamosa, Catharanthus roseus, Calotropis gigantea, and Jatropha curcas. [23][24][25][26][27][28] In the present study, Artocarpus heterophyllus leaf extract was used as a reducing and surface modifying agent. To the best of our knowledge, this is the rst report where Artocarpus heterophyllus leaf aqueous extract was used as a reducing and surface modifying agent in the synthesis of TiO 2 NPs.…”

Efficacy of larvicidal activity of green synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Mangifera indica extract against blood-feeding parasites

“…Velayutham et al (2012) reported the antiparasitic activities of synthesized TiO 2 NPs utilizing leaf aqueous extract of Catharanthus roseus against the adults of Hippobosca maculata and Bovicola ovis. The antiparasitic efficacies of synthesized TiO 2 NPs utilizing leaf aqueous extract of Solanum trilobatum against the adult head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, larvae of cattle tick Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicums, and fourth instar larvae of malaria vector A. subpictus were evaluated (Rajakumar et al 2014).…”