Solar and Wind Energy Integrated System Frequency Control: A Critical Review on Recent Developments

Abstract

A paradigm shift in power systems is observed due to the massive integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) as distributed generators. Mainly, solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind generators are extensively integrated with the modern power system to facilitate green efforts in the electrical energy sector. However, integrating these RESs destabilizes the frequency of the modern power system. Hitherto, the frequency control has not drawn sufficient attention due to the reduced inertia and complex control of power electronic converters associated with renewable energy conversion systems. Thus, this article provides a critical summary on the frequency control of solar PV and wind-integrated systems. The frequency control issues with advanced techniques, including inertia emulation, de-loading, and grid-forming, are summarized. Moreover, several cutting-edge devices in frequency control are outlined. The advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to control the frequency of high-level RESs integrated systems are well documented. The possible improvements of existing approaches are outlined. The key research areas are identified, and future research directions are mentioned so that cutting-edge technologies can be adopted, making the review article unique compared to the existing reviews. The article could be an excellent foundation and guidance for industry personnel, researchers, and academicians.

Eventual Increase of Solar Electricity Production and Desalinated Water through the Formation of a Channel between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea

“…This energy WSER must be equal to or greater than the residual from meeting the total energy demand with the help of conventional and solar power plants. As it seems from (18), WSER is a function of the ability of conventional stations and the power of PV facilities. This circumstance makes the analytical solution for the assessment of both power parameters (PV and grid generation) more difficult.…”

“…The AC frequency is becoming less stable, which is the second major problem caused by the widespread use of PV power stations in the domestic network. Due to numerous research works [18][19][20][21][22], the problem of frequency stability and control exists in large networks, including those with significant renewable generation, and it becomes especially urgent with the increasing portion of solar electricity. The lack of electromechanical inertia in PV facilities, which helps stabilize frequency in a grid and is an actual component of conventional generators in power stations, prevents the increase of solar electricity over some limit [23].…”

Analysing active power reserve strategies for photovoltaic systems under varying shading scenarios: a comparative study

“…An active power reserve is generated by employing CPG control, as discussed in [38]. PV power can be summarised as follows by using CPG and is given by equation (33):…”

A Comprehensive Analysis of the Penetration of Detailed Type 4 Wind Turbine Generators in the Two-Area Benchmark System

“…Moreover, some highly cited papers in the RES literature, such as Ratnam et al [5], Saha et al [11], Alam et al [12], Tróndheim et al [21], cite that the gearbox does not impose important issues in load flow and dynamic behaviour of the power system. Therefore, this item is not considered in the simulations of this work.…”

“…Several researchers (e.g., [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]) observed that the increase in RES poses various challenges to the stability of power systems. The physical structure, mechanical characteristics, energy conversion mechanism, and control characteristics of power generators and equipment have a significant impact on the stability characteristics of traditional power systems based on SGs.…”