Solar Cells: In Research and  Applications—A Review

Sharma, Sumita; Jain, Kamlesh; Sharma, Ashutosh

doi:10.4236/msa.2015.612113

Cited by 291 publications

(226 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Further, solar cells are used in various devices from handheld calculators to rooftop solar panels . Solar cells are grouped based on the nature of materials used and the conversion efficiency . Table compares the efficiencies of various solar cells with first generation solar cells.…”

Section: Solar Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heteroatom-doped graphene and its application as a counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells

2018

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Summary The most frequently used counter electrode (CE) in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is platinum on fluorine‐doped tin oxide glass. This electrode has excellent electrical conductivity, chemical stability, and high electrocatalytic affinity for the reduction of triiodide. However, the high cost of metallic platinum and the poor electrochemical stability pose a major drawback in the commercial production. This has necessitated a search for a non‐precious metal and metal‐free electrocatalyst that demonstrates better catalytic activity and longer electrochemical stability for practical use in DSSCs. Graphene has been at the centre of attention due to its excellent optoelectronic properties. However, a defect‐free graphene sheet is not suitable as a CE in DSSCs, because of its neutral polarity which often restricts efficient charge transfer at the graphene/liquid interface, irrespective of the high in‐plane charge mobility. Hence, heteroatom‐doped graphene‐based CEs are being developed with the aim to balance electrical conductivity for efficient charge transfer and charge polarization for enhanced reduction activity of redox couples simultaneously. The elements commonly used in chemical doping of graphene are nitrogen, oxygen, boron, sulfur, and phosphorus. Halogens have also recently shown great promise. It has been demonstrated that edge‐selective heteroatom‐doping of graphene imparts both efficient in‐plane charge transfers and polarity, thereby enhancing electrocatalytic activity. Thus, heteroatom‐doped graphene serves as a good material to replace conventional electrodes and enhance power conversion efficiency in DSSCs. The focus is to reduce the cost of DSSCs. This review explores the performance of DSSCs, factors that influence the power conversion efficiency, and various physicochemical properties of graphene. It further outlines current progress on the synthetic approaches for chemical doping (substitutional and surface transfer doping) of graphene and graphene oxide with different heteroatoms in order to fine‐tune the electronic properties. The use of heteroatom‐doped graphene as a CE in DSSCs and how it improves the photovoltaic performance of cells is discussed.

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Section: Solar Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heteroatom-doped graphene and its application as a counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells

2018

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“…PSCs, as a new type of third‐generation solar cell, have been developed significantly during the last decade. Because of their high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and facile processing, PSCs have the potential to be mass‐produced and subsequently contribute significantly to solar energy production in the future . The ABX 3 inorganic‐organic hybrid halide perovskite layer (Figure B) is the most important part.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of their high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and facile processing, PSCs have the potential to be mass-produced and subsequently contribute significantly to solar energy production in the future. 23,24 The ABX 3 inorganic-organic hybrid halide perovskite layer ( Figure 1B) is the most important part. Atom A usually represents the methyl ammonium (MA) organic cation, atom B represents a divalent metal cation, and atom X represents Cl − , I − , or Br − .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon‐based perovskite solar cells: From single‐junction to modules

Huang

Chee

et al. 2019

Carbon Energy

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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted more and more attention in the scientific community due to their high performance and simple fabrication process.In the past few years, emerging technologies have made manufacturing large-scale PSC modules possible. However, stability and fabrication issues still limit the modularization and commercialization of PSCs. Carbon materials have been widely used in PSCs to overcome these challenges due to their excellent optical, electrical, and mechanical properties. In addition, the hydrophobic properties of certain carbon materials are highly effective at protecting the perovskite film from moisture and improving the stability of PSCs. All these superior properties have made carbon one of the most promising materials to fabricate future highperformance PSC modules with long service lifetimes. In this review, recent developments of carbon-based materials in different layers of single-junction PSCs will first be discussed, with an emphasis on functionalities related to PSCs' stability and modularization. Then, current improvements and future discussions in the manufacturing of monolithic PSC modules will be reviewed in detail.

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“…[11][12][13][14][15] Although the cost per peak watt of crystalline silicon solar cells has significantly dropped, it is still expensive compared to the conventional grid electricity resources. 15 Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are an inexpensive alternative to the conventional p-n junction solar cells. The use of DSSCs is one of the most promising approaches towards the realisation of both high performance and low cost, thanks to their low material cost and ease of manufacturing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A carbon-nanotubes counter electrode for flexible dye-sensitized solar cells

Drygała¹,

Dobrzański²,

Prokopowicz³

et al. 2017

Mater. Tehnol.

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Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are an attractive alternative to conventional crystalline silicon solar cells because of their low-cost, relatively high photon-to-current conversion efficiency for low energy consumption and simple fabrication process. The dye-sensitized solar cell consists of the following components: a photoanode, a dye, an electrolyte, and a counter electrode. The counter electrode is a crucial element, in which the triiodide is reduced to iodide by electrons flowing through the external circuit. Platinum is the most used material for a counter electrode in DSSCs, due to its electrocatalytic activity towards I3 -reduction. However, the use of platinum may not be a suitable option because of its high cost. Additionally, to achieve widespread application of next-generation photovoltaics, it is important to develop flexible devices. Given this, the paper presents the influence of mechanical stress arising from the bending of a flexible substrate on the morphology, the resistance of counter electrode based on carbon nanotubes as well as the electrical properties of dye-sensitized solar cells. Keywords: photovoltaics, dye-sensitized solar cells, flexible substrates, counter electrode, carbon nanotubes Fleksibilne tankoslojne barvno ob~utljive son~ne celice (angl. DSSCs) so privla~na alternativa konvencionalnim kristalnim silicijevim son~nim celicam zaradi nizke cene in relativno visoke u~inkovitosti pretvorbe foton-tok, z nizko porabo energije in enostavnim postopkom procesom proizvodnje izdelave. Tankoplastna son~na celica je sestavljena iz naslednjih komponent: fotoanode, barvila, elektrolita in tokovne elektrode. Tokovna elektroda je klju~ni element, na kateri se trijodid reducira na jodid z elektroni, ki te~ejo skozi zunanji tokokrog. V solarnih celicah je platina najpogosteje uporabljan material za tokovne elektrode zaradi svoje elektrokataliti~ne aktivnosti (redukcija I3 -ionov). Zaradi visoke cene pa uporaba platine vendarle ni optimalna izbira. Torej, da bi dosegli {iroko uporabo naslednjih generacij fotovoltaike je pomembno razvijati fleksibilne naprave.^lanek predstavlja vpliv mehanskih napetosti zaradi upogibanja fleksibilnega substrata na morfologijo in odpornost tokovne elektrode iz ogljikovih nanocevk, kot tudi elektri~ne lastnosti tankoslojne son~ne celice. Klju~ne besede: fotovoltaika, tankoslojne barvno ob~utljive son~ne celice, fleksibilni substrati, tokovna elektroda iz ogljikovih nanocevk

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Solar Cells: In Research and Applications—A Review

Cited by 291 publications

References 23 publications

Heteroatom-doped graphene and its application as a counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells

Heteroatom-doped graphene and its application as a counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells

Carbon‐based perovskite solar cells: From single‐junction to modules

A carbon-nanotubes counter electrode for flexible dye-sensitized solar cells

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