Solar Energetic Particles

Abstract

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Four Distinct Pathways to the Element Abundances in Solar Energetic Particles

“…SEPs are an actual sample of coronal plasma. Reames (1995aReames ( , 2014Reames ( , 2017a. 3 Reames, et al (1991); Reames (1995a).…”

“…Direct measurements of SEP abundances were made when nuclear emulsions flown on sounding rockets from Fort Churchill, Manitoba first measured C, N, and O (Fichtel and Guss 1961) and eventually Fe (Bertsch et al 1969). Measurements have progressed for individual elements up through Fe (Teegarden et al 1973;McGuire et al 1979;Cook et al 1984;Meyer 1985;Reames 1995aReames , 2014Reames , 2017aReames , 2018aMewaldt et al 2002) and groups of elements throughout the rest of the periodic table (Reames 2000;Mason et al 2004;Reames and Ng 2004;Reames et al 2014a). Yet, surprising new patterns have begun to emerge only recently as we extended abundances down to H (Reames 2019b(Reames , 2019c(Reames , 2019d.…”

“…Measurements of element abundances in this article are from the Low-Energy Matrix Telescope (LEMT) onboard the Wind spacecraft, near Earth ; see also Chapt. 7 of Reames, 2017a). LEMT measures elements from H through Pb in the 2-20MeV amu -1 region, although energies of H are limited to 2 -2.5 MeV and LEMT resolves only element groups above Fe as shown by Reames (2000Reames ( , 2017a.…”

“…7 of Reames, 2017a). LEMT measures elements from H through Pb in the 2-20MeV amu -1 region, although energies of H are limited to 2 -2.5 MeV and LEMT resolves only element groups above Fe as shown by Reames (2000Reames ( , 2017a. As a basis, we consider impulsive events listed and studied by Kahler (2014a, 2014b) and the gradual events listed and studied by Reames (2016a).…”

3He-Rich Solar Energetic Particles: Solar Sources

“…Systematic research of 3 He-rich SEP sources started more than a decade ago using the Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) extreme ultraviolet (EUV) imaging observations Nitta et al 2006;). Recent reviews on 3 He-rich SEP events (Mason 2007;Reames 2017) focus more on energetic ion characteristics obtained from in-situ measurements. In this paper we present new insights on 3 He-rich SEP sources provided by recent space missions such as the Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory with two progressively separating spacecraft STEREO-A, -B, and the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) with unprecedentedly high-resolution observations.…”