Solar-Energy Drying Systems

Challenges and Solutions in Solar Photovoltaic Technology Life Cycle

“…Finally, the electron returns to the electrolyte by closing the circuit, as shown in Figs. 12a and b [94,117]. These types of cells work better in low or diffused light.…”

“…This type of cell is the most efficient and its usage is almost 80 % in the global market. However, the efficiency decreases for longer wavelength radiation because it creates thermal losses and heats up the cell [94]. Maximum efficiency was reported as 23 to 24.7 % [54].…”

“…Amorphous cells have a high energy bandgap (1.7 eV) and 40 times higher rate of light absorption due to their random structure as compared to mono-crystalline (1.1 eV) [100]. The higher the bandgap, the better the light absorption [94,101].…”

“…Each one has different procedures and efficiencies. However, the major problem is the non-availability of indium elements [94]. The fabrication process and chemistry are complex because they are formed from various compounds.…”

“…These excitations move towards donor acceptor interface and split into electrons attracted by acceptor material and holes [65,120]. the other technologies are low production costs, simple/easy processing, lightweight, better flexibility, and significant roll-toroll fabrication ability [94]. Due to its flexibility, it is well installed on the outsides of the building and made in irregular shapes such as fabrics for backpacks and tents.…”