Solar gamma rays

Nuclear Processes in Solar Flares

“…Various forms of accelerated particle spectra have been used in previous treatments of nuclear reactions in solar flares (Lingenfelter and Ramaty 1967, Ramaty, Kozlovsky and Lingenfelter 1975, R-imaty 1979. These are power laws in kinetic energy,…”

“…Therefore, we shall present new calculations of nuclear reaction yields only for the exponential spectrum of equation (10) and the Bessel function spectrum of equation (11). Calculations for power laws can be found in previous papers Lingenfelter 1975, Ramaty, Kozlovsky and.…”

“…The strongest line observed in nearly all gamma ray flares is that at F 2.223 MeV from neutron capture on hydrogen, 1 H(n,y) 2 H. Several theoretical studies have been made of neutron production in solar flares (Lingenfelter et al 1965, Lingenfelter and Ramaty 1967, Ramaty, Kozlovsky and Lingenfelter 1975) and of 2.223 MeV photon production from the capture of these neutrons in the solar atmosphere (Wang andRamaty 1974, Kanbach et al 1975). The neutron production cross sections have been discussed in considerable detail by Ramaty, Kozlovsky and Lingenfelter-(1975).…”

“…1973, Wang and Ramaty 1974, Forrest, Chopp and Suri 1975, Ramaty, Kozlovsky and Lingenfelter 1975Fang 1975, Kanbach et al 1975, Chopp 1976, Lin and Hudson 1976, Bai and Ramaty 1976, Ramaty and Crannell 1976, Crannell et al 1976Ibragimov and Kocharov 1977, Lin and Ramaty 1978, Crannell, Crannell and Ramaty 1979, Ramaty 1979s Ramaty et al 1980. These studies, together with additional gamma-ray data , Chopp 1976), and energetic-particle (Kohl, Bostrom andWilliams 1973, Webber et al 1975), hard X-ray (van Beek, Hoyng and Stevens 1973) and microwave (Croom and Harris 1973) data have lead to the following broad outline of the origin and implications of solar gamma rays.…”

“…Ramaty, Kozlovsky and Lingenfelter 1975). In the thin-target model the nuclear reactions are produced by energetic particles which escape from the interaction region at the Sun.…”