Solar radiation-induced polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of semiconductor-based photocatalyst

Reuse and Valorization of Vanadium and Tungsten from Waste V2O5–WO3/TiO2 SCR Catalyst

“…Normally these materials are semiconductors [18,19]. The representative is TiO 2 , one of the most wellknown, full-blown and effective photocatalyst.…”

Tunable Quantum Photoinitiators for Radical Photopolymerization

“…Quantum PIs, quantum-confined nanoscale crystals with semiconductor properties, have received interest for use in photopolymerization, due to their precisely tunable properties as a function of structural and surface engineering [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Current advancements in synthetic procedures have led to the development of a variety of quantum PIs with characteristic photoinitiating properties [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. The surface moieties introduced in the course of nanocrystal synthesis facilitate control over skeletal arrangements, dispersibility, and reactivity at the molecular level [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ].…”

“…Current advancements in synthetic procedures have led to the development of a variety of quantum PIs with characteristic photoinitiating properties [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. The surface moieties introduced in the course of nanocrystal synthesis facilitate control over skeletal arrangements, dispersibility, and reactivity at the molecular level [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Postsynthetic surface modifications enable the dispersal and stabilization of nanocrystals PIs in formulations for many applications [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”

“…Several classes of quantum PIs have been developed and evaluated for polymerization, with various absorption and excitation wavelength windows [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. The mode of action of most of the quantum PIs is generally similar to type I radical initiators, with highly conjugated aromatic moieties; others mimic the activity of type II initiators [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Loir et al indicated that two pathways exist for initiation in quantum PIs, which involve surface mediated hole transfer ( Figure 1 ) [ 10 ].…”

“…Loir et al indicated that two pathways exist for initiation in quantum PIs, which involve surface mediated hole transfer ( Figure 1 ) [ 10 ]. Typical quantum PIs can be classified as semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs), such as TiO 2 , ZnO, and CdS NPs [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]; hybrid photoinitiators, including composites of metal nanoparticles (MNPs)/silanized metal (organic PIs, MNPs), fluorescent dyes, oligomeric silsesquioxane, and parent PIs, [ 17 ] semiconductor NPs (metal/graphene oxide) [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ], and organometallic nanoparticles; panchromatic photoinitiators, namely upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ] and plasmonic nanoparticle composites (e.g., Ag@SiO 2 @UC@BFO–Au core@triple-shell); near-infrared photoinitiators, such as luminescent lanthanides (e.g., Ln 3+ , Yb 3+ , Er 3+ , and Ho 3+ ) and doped nanomaterials in a crystalline host lattice (NaYF 4 ); [ 31 ] magnetic nanoparticles, such as Fe 2 O 3 ; and metal core-shell nanoparticles (e.g., Ag@AgCl nanocubes) [ 35 , 36 ]. Figure 2 describes the polymerization of acrylic acid sodium (AAS) using the Ag@SiO 2 @UC@BFO-Au photoinitiator.…”