Solid lipid nanoparticles for targeted natural and synthetic drugs delivery in high-incidence cancers, and other diseases: Roles of preparation methods, lipid composition, transitional stability, and release profiles in nanocarriers’ development

Abstract

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), the spheroidal-shaped, colloids state lipophilic-natured, innovative nanoscale particulate materials, are being concurrently prepared by the quality-by-design approach for cellular and sub-cellular delivery of drugs and other payloads with facilitated physicochemical characteristics for targeted delivery. The delivery of drugs, other pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceutical materials, and genes to the diseased body organs, tissues, and cellular mass have been developed as promising nanocarriers for different high-incidence cancers and other disease therapies, including the Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and tuberculosis. SLNs have evolved as favorable lipid-based formulation, and have served as oral and intravenous carriers that targeted the drug with stable and sterile transport, sustained delivery, controlled drug/payload deloading, and requisite biodistributions. SLNs advantages, shortcomings, and bottlenecks have been discussed with plausible remediation strategies. The laboratory-scale and bulk preparations, use of different lipids in various preparation, surface coatings, physicochemical properties of the final product, and characterization protocols are also encompassed, as are the routes of administrations, specific-sites-targeting, and on-site outreach with biocompatibility, bioavailability, and the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion and pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics inputs with relevance to the therapy. Plausible applications in complex and genetic disorders, and as personalized medicine, also of traditional and alternative medicine prospects, are also discussed.

Advanced Drug Carriers: A Review of Selected Protein, Polysaccharide, and Lipid Drug Delivery Platforms

“…In the case of the SLNs, their stability can be an issue due to the possible presence of a crystalline phase that affects the carriers' ability to efficiently store and deliver drugs [86,87]. In the case of the NLCs, on the other hand, control of the morphology of the lipid structure and its effect on the release of the active substance is critical to achieving optimal therapeutic efficacy [88]. In addition, controlling the particle size and stability can be an issue in both cases, directly affecting the drug's bioavailability and distribution in the body.…”

Chrysin, The Flavonoid Molecule of Antioxidant Interest

“…[82] The formulation (chrysin-SLN), compared to the pure chrysin, has restored the deteriorated levels of the antioxidant enzymes, i. e., SOD and CAT, antioxidant compounds, such as GSH, and the elevated levels of lipid peroxidation and acetylcholine esterase, which have been induced by the Amyloid-β25-35 and resulted in the reduction of memory retention in rats. [82,120] Chrysinloaded chitosan NPs were evaluated in zebrafish as neuroprotective agents against amyloid-β-induced toxicity. The nanocomposite aids in maintaining synaptic connections, memory, and cognition, all of which are otherwise hampered by amyloidβ toxicity.…”

“…For example, an efficient solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) of chrysin has been formulated to enhance the bioavilability of the compound and for the treatment of Alzheimer diseases [82] . The formulation (chrysin‐SLN), compared to the pure chrysin, has restored the deteriorated levels of the antioxidant enzymes, i. e., SOD and CAT, antioxidant compounds, such as GSH, and the elevated levels of lipid peroxidation and acetylcholine esterase, which have been induced by the Amyloid‐β25–35 and resulted in the reduction of memory retention in rats [82,120] . Chrysin‐loaded chitosan NPs were evaluated in zebrafish as neuroprotective agents against amyloid‐β‐induced toxicity.…”

Design and Optimization of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with Triamcinolone Acetonide

“…The transition of the crystalline lipidic phase to a lower energy state that consists of a more packed and ordered crystal lattice causes the release of active compounds from solid lipid nanoparticles [24,25], as well as precipitation and agglomeration of the nanoparticulate matter and the consequent progressive destruction of the system. SLNs are demonstrated to be versatile drug carriers for targeting various organs, and treat different diseases, such as cancer, pulmonary diseases, and ocular disfunctions and infections, targeting mainly the cornea and posterior eye segments [26]. Different examples of SLN delivering ocular drugs can be found in the literature, encapsulating natamycin, amphotericin B, and levofloxacin, also using design of experiments to optimize the synthetical process in terms of size, Zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency [27][28][29][30].…”

“…Ultrasonic-assisted methods are among the most common routes, together with hot and cold homogenizations, double emulsions, solvent evaporation, and coacervation by precipitation of fatty acid salts [31,32]. Further functionalization of lipid nanoparticles can be implemented on the surface with other polymers to enhance biocompatibility, such as hyaluronic acid, polyethylene glycol, and chitosan, or single molecules such as folic acid [26,33,34]. More complex functionalization of the nanoparticles' surfaces can also be achieved using antibodies [35].…”