Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for Marine Applications

Abstract

The marine industry must reduce emissions to comply with recent and future regulations. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are seen as a promising option for efficient power generation on ships with reduced emissions. However, it is unclear how the devices can be integrated and how this affects the operation of the ship economically and environmentally. This paper reviews studies that consider SOFC for marine applications. First, this article discusses noteworthy developments in SOFC systems, including power plant options and fuel possibilities. Next, it presents the design drivers for a marine power plant and explores how an SOFC system performs. Hereafter, the possibilities for integrating the SOFC system with the ship are examined, also considering economic and environmental impact. The review shows unexplored potential to successfully integrate SOFC with thermal and electrical systems in marine vessels. Additionally, it is identified that there are still possibilities to improve marine SOFC systems, for which a holistic approach is needed for design at cell, stack, module, and system level. Nevertheless, it is expected that hybridisation is needed for a technically and economically feasible ship. Despite its high cost, SOFC systems could significantly reduce GHG, NOX, SOX, PM, and noise emissions in shipping.

Performance Analysis and Optimization of SOFC/GT Hybrid Systems: A Review

“…In order to minimize energy waste in the GT stack, the air and fuel are preheated using an air heat exchanger and a fuel heat exchanger before entering the SOFC. Berend et al [51] thoroughly examined the key features in the major components of SOFC systems in order to achieve insight into the potential for a marine SOFC power plant. This research explores SOFC stacks, balance of plant components, and combined cycles(Figure 20).…”

“…Berend et al [51] thoroughly examined the key features in the major components of SOFC systems in order to achieve insight into the potential for a marine SOFC power plant. This research explores SOFC stacks, balance of plant components, and combined cycles (Figure 20).…”

“…Depending on the physical structure, SOFCs can be divided into tubular (TSOFC) and planar (PSOFC) [50]. Their structures are shown in Figure 3 [51], the TSOFC, developed by Westinghouse company in 1980, demonstrated remarkable durability by resolving the challenge of high temperature sealing. However, its power output was relatively low and the cost was high.…”

Experimental Activities on a Hydrogen-Powered Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System and Guidelines for Its Implementation in Aviation and Maritime Sectors

“…SOFC systems have gained significant attention as leading energy solutions in both stationary generations for various purposes and facilities, as well as propulsion systems for large ships [21,22]. Notably, Bloom Energy, an American fuel cell corporation, has shown particular interest in applying SOFC technology to the maritime sector, particularly in cruise ships.…”