Solid-phase extraction clean-up procedure for the analysis of PAHs in lichens

Blasco, María; Domeño, Celia; Bentayeb, Karim; Nerı́n, Cristina

doi:10.1080/03067310701381615

Cited by 32 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…After sample deposition, PAH elution was performed with 8 mL of cyclohexane/DCM (60: 40, vfv) for the first three cartridges containing polar adsorption media and with 6 mLofn-hexane/DCM (65: 35, vfv) forthe NH 2 bonded cartridges. The elution protocols were based on previous studies ofSPE cleanups on pine needles, lichens and moss extracts for PAH analysis [29,40,48], which systematically used a mixture of nonpolar solvent, n-hexane or cyclohexane, and a slightly polar solvent, dichloromethane. The polarity of these mixtures ensures efficient PAH elution, as polar co-extracted matrix compounds stay adsorbed on the normal phase sorbents.…”

Section: Spe Cleanup Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The polarity of these mixtures ensures efficient PAH elution, as polar co-extracted matrix compounds stay adsorbed on the normal phase sorbents. For example, Blasco et al carried out lichen extract cleanup with NH 2 bonded cartridges and measured 95% of PAH recovery and 98% of matrix compounds elimination with n-hexane/DCM elution [48].…”

Section: Spe Cleanup Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimization of pressurized liquid extraction using a multivariate chemometric approach and comparison of solid-phase extraction cleanup steps for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mosses

Foan

Simon

2012

Journal of Chromatography A

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A factorial design was used to optimize the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from mosses, plants used as biomonitors of air pollution. The analytical procedure consists of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) cleanup, in association with analysis by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). For method development, homogeneous samples were prepared with large quantities of the mosses Isothecium myosuroides Brid. and Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw., collected from a Spanish Nature Reserve. A factorial design was used to identify the optimal PLE operational conditions: 2 static cycles of 5 min at 80 °C. The analytical procedure performed with PLE showed similar recoveries (∼70%) and total PAH concentrations (∼200 ng g(-1)) as found using Soxtec extraction, with the advantage of reducing solvent consumption by 3 (30 mL against 100mL per sample), and taking a fifth of the time (24 samples extracted automatically in 8h against 2 samples in 3.5h). The performance of SPE normal phases (NH(2), Florisil, silica and activated aluminium) generally used for organic matrix cleanup was also compared. Florisil appeared to be the most selective phase and ensured the highest PAH recoveries. The optimal analytical procedure was validated with a reference material and applied to moss samples from a remote Spanish site in order to determine spatial and inter-species variability.

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Section: Spe Cleanup Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Spe Cleanup Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of pressurized liquid extraction using a multivariate chemometric approach and comparison of solid-phase extraction cleanup steps for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mosses

Foan

Simon

2012

Journal of Chromatography A

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“…Caribou feed largely on lichen, when available (Naughton, 2012;Wasser et al, 2011). Lichen can readily absorb airborne contaminants; including the lightweight and volatile 2-4 ring PAHs (Belis et al, 2011;Blasco et al, 2007;Blasco et al, 2006;Kelly and Gobas, 2001), potentially exposing caribou to trace contaminants from long-range transport of the compounds. Kelly et al(Kelly et al, 2009) calculated over 11,000 metric tons of airborne particles, consisting mostly of bitumen, as far as 50km from upgrading facilities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in caribou, moose, and wolf scat samples from three areas of the Alberta oil sands

Lundin

Riffell

Wasser

2015

Environmental Pollution

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Impacts of toxic substances from oil production in the Alberta oil sands (AOS), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), have been widely debated. Studies have been largely restricted to exposures from surface mining in aquatic species. We measured PAHs in Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), moose (Alces americanus), and Grey wolf (Canis lupus) across three areas that varied in magnitude of in situ oil production. Our results suggest a distinction of PAH level and source profile (petro/pyrogenic) between study areas and species. Caribou samples indicated pyrogenic sourced PAHs in the study area previously devastated by forest fire. Moose and wolf samples from the high oil production area demonstrated PAH ratios indicative of a petrogenic source and increased PAHs, respectively. These findings emphasize the importance of broadening monitoring and research programs in the AOS.

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“…The green parts of superior plants are provided with an epicuticular wax which acts as a sorbent for lipophylic contaminants (Kylin 1996). Several plant species have been used as biomonitors, such as mosses , lichens (Riga Karandinos and Karandinos 1998;Guidotti et al 2003;Blasco et al 2006Blasco et al , 2007Blasco et al , 2008Augusto et al 2009a, b;Shukla and Upreti 2009) or tree leaves (Prajapati and Triphati 2008). Pine needles are also a matrix with proven accumulative properties towards a wide spectrum of pollutants and are increasingly becoming an appropriate biomonitor of airborne PAHs (Simonich and Hites 1995;Tremolada et al 1996;Jacob et al 1997;Wenzel et al 1997;Migaszewski 1999;Holoubek et al 2000;Lang et al 2000;Malawska et al 2002;Hwang et al 2003;Lehndorff and Schwark 2004;Piccardo et al 2005;Liu et al 2006;Schröter-Kermani et al 2006;Hwang and Wade 2008;Lehndorff and Schwark 2009a, b;Ratola et al 2009;Augusto et al 2010;Ratola et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Distribution and sources of PAHs using three pine species along the Ebro River

Ratola¹,

Alves²,

Lacorte

et al. 2011

Environ Monit Assess

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Needles of three pine species (Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinea and Pinus nigra) were analysed to assess the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 34 sites located throughout the Ebro River, in Northeast Spain. Overall, the concentration varied between 55 and 808 ng g(-1) (dry weight). The three- and four-ring PAHs were the most representative, with phenanthrene having 43% of the total PAH load and naphthalene showing a high incidence in rural areas. Despite matrix apparent similarities, P. halepensis needles revealed higher entrapment levels than P. nigra and P. pinea, the latter showing the lowest levels. The assessment of possible sources using PAH ratios (phenanthrene/anthracene and fluoranthene/pyrene) did not reveal a clear tendency regarding the distinction of petrogenic and pyrogenic sources in general, reflecting heterogeneous sources of PAHs in the Ebro area.

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Solid-phase extraction clean-up procedure for the analysis of PAHs in lichens

Cited by 32 publications

References 26 publications

Optimization of pressurized liquid extraction using a multivariate chemometric approach and comparison of solid-phase extraction cleanup steps for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mosses

Optimization of pressurized liquid extraction using a multivariate chemometric approach and comparison of solid-phase extraction cleanup steps for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mosses

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in caribou, moose, and wolf scat samples from three areas of the Alberta oil sands

Distribution and sources of PAHs using three pine species along the Ebro River

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