Solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of volatile compounds from avocado puree after microwave processing

Identification of volatile compounds in cultivars barker, collinson, fortuna and geada of avocado (Persea americana, Mill.) fruit

“…Different superscript letters in the same row denote significant differences (p < 0.05); Standard deviation (SD) <0.01 is reported as 0.01 (n=3); + Compound detected but its area was less than 0.5%; ND: Not detected; * Tentative identification; 1 Reported in pulp of Australian hybrid cultivar "Sherwil" (Whitfield et al, 1980); 2 Reported in pulp of Mexican cultivar (Yamaguchi et al, 1983); 3 Reported in avocado leaves of Guatemalan and West Indian races (King & Knight, 1992); 4 Reported in pulp of fruit obtained from Israel (Sinyinda & Gramshaw, 1998); 5 Reported in pulp of California and Hass cultivars (Pino et al, 2000); 6 Reported in pulp of Mexican cultivar (Moreno et al, 2003); 7 Reported in pulp of Mexican cultivar (Lopez et al, 2004) Different superscript letters in the same row denote significant differences (p < 0.05); Standard deviation (SD) <0.01 is reported as 0.01 (n=3); + Compound detected but its area was less than 0.5%; ND: Not detected; * Tentative identification; 1 Reported in pulp of Australian hybrid cultivar "Sherwil" (Whitfield et al, 1980); 2 Reported in pulp of Mexican cultivar (Yamaguchi et al, 1983); 3 Reported in avocado leaves of Guatemalan and West Indian races (King & Knight, 1992); 4 Reported in pulp of fruit obtained from Israel (Sinyinda & Gramshaw, 1998); 5 Reported in pulp of California and Hass cultivars (Pino et al, 2000); 6 Reported in pulp of Mexican cultivar (Moreno et al, 2003); 7 Reported in pulp of Mexican cultivar (Lopez et al, 2004); 8 Reported in pulp of Moro cultivar from Cuba (Pino et al, 2004); 9 Reported in pulp of Fuerte cultivar from Egypt (El Mageed, 2007); 10 Reported in pulp of Hass cultivar from Mexico (Guzmán-Gerónimo et al, 2008); 11 Reported in oil of pulp of Australian cultivar (Haiyan et al, 2007); 12 Reported in pulp of Hass cultivar from Mexico (Dbenland et al, 2012); 13 Reported in pulp of West Indian cultivar from Florida, USA (Pereira et al, 2013). Among the identified components in all avocado cultivars were 27 alcohols, 13 aldehydes, 11 terpenes, 11 esters, 9 aromatics, 6 furans and 3 ketones.…”

“…Among them some important compounds from fruity/floral/sweet aroma standpoint are: 3-methyl-1-penten-3-ol (green, fruity), 2-octanol (floral), 1,2-propane-diol (sweet), nonanol (fruity), tridecanol (sweet-fruity), (E)-2-pentenal (fruity), isopropyl formate (sweet), isopropyl acetate (fruity), octyl acetate (fruity-floral, waxy), linalyl hexanoate (fruity), propyl dodecanoate (floral), 2-decanone (floral), acetophenone (sweet), p-methyl acetophenone while those with fatty/oily/waxy notes are: 2-propanol (bitter), 2-butanol (oily), 2-hexanol (fatty, fruity), 4-methyl-1-pentanol (oily), methyl dodecanoate (waxy, fatty). Different superscript letters in the same row denote significant differences (p < 0.05); Standard deviation (SD) <0.01 is reported as 0.01 (n=3); + Compound detected but its area was less than 0.5%; ND: Not detected; * Tentative identification; 1 Reported in pulp of Australian hybrid cultivar "Sherwil" (Whitfield et al, 1980); 2 Reported in pulp of Mexican cultivar (Yamaguchi et al, 1983); 3 Reported in avocado leaves of Guatemalan and West Indian races (King & Knight, 1992); 4 Reported in pulp of fruit obtained from Israel (Sinyinda & Gramshaw, 1998); 5 Reported in pulp of California and Hass cultivars (Pino et al, 2000); 6 Reported in pulp of Mexican cultivar (Moreno et al, 2003); 7 Reported in pulp of Mexican cultivar (Lopez et al, 2004); 8 Reported in pulp of Moro cultivar from Cuba (Pino et al, 2004); 9 Reported in pulp of Fuerte cultivar from Egypt (El Mageed, 2007); 10 Reported in pulp of Hass cultivar from Mexico (Guzmán-Gerónimo et al, 2008); 11 Reported in oil of pulp of Australian cultivar (Haiyan et al, 2007); 12 Reported in pulp of Hass cultivar from Mexico (Dbenland et al, 2012); 13 Reported in pulp of West Indian cultivar from Florida, USA (Pereira et al, 2013). …”

Analysis of volatile compounds in five jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) cultivars using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS)

“…In SPME, analytes establish equilibria among the sample matrix, the headspace above the sample, and a stationary phase coated on a fused silica fibre; they are then thermally desorbed from the fibre to a capillary column. SPME has been applied to the analysis of volatile and nonvolatile compounds (Arthur and Pawliszyn, 1990) in gaseous and liquid samples and to analyse flavour in apple juice (Zierler et al, 2004), apple (Matich et al, 1996;Song et al, 1997), beef (Moon and Li-Chan, 2004), wine (Demyttenaere et al, 2003;Marti et al, 2003), cheese (Chin et al, 1996;Lecanu et al, 2002;Bellesia et al, 2003;Kim et al, 2003a), avocado (Lopez et al, 2004), and coffee (Bicchi et al, 2002;Akiyama et al, 2003). However, SPME application in analysing jackfruit flavour of different cultivars has yet to be reported.…”

Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) oil produced by microwave drying and expeller pressing exhibits low acidity and high oxidative stability

“…Some potential innovations are in the early stages of development for the oil extraction industry. Successful dehydration of avocado pulp has been achieved by freeze‐drying and using microwaves . These methods have improved the extraction or produced avocado oil with only slight quality changes from those obtained by conventional processes, such as drying under temperature‐controlled ovens with forced‐air circulation, and conventional solvent extraction technologies.…”