Solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled to magnetic sector high resolution mass spectrometry for the ultra-trace determination of contaminants in surface water

Solventless microextraction techniques for water analysis

“…Similar or worse limits were achieved with SBSE despite the fact that more sample and longer extraction times were needed (see SI, A3) [19,28,30]. This could be explained by the fact that different phases were used: PA showed generally better or similar results than other phases for SPME, and only PDMS was tried for SBSE [20,30]. This behavior can be explained (and predicted) by calculating the different partitioning constants, i.e.…”

“…For most pesticides, the lowest detection limits reported with SPME are around 10 ng/L [20,31]. SBSE allows for lower detection limits of about 0.1 ng/L [29].…”

“…However, if more hydrophobic analytes are of interest as well, up to 20 % of an organic modifier such as methanol could be added to minimize absorption to the walls [19]. Moreover, salt addition can also damage certain phases if DI extraction is performed [20,21], and is therefore seldom considered when using this extraction mode. If possible, when optimizing pH the ionic strength should be kept constant by adjusting the salt content.…”

Development and validation of a GC–MS/MS method for priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons quantification in different types of water samples

“…In this sense, solid‐phase extraction (SPE) has been the most preferred technique for extraction of PAHs in water samples over the years, owing to its advantages, such as high enrichment factor, high recovery, simplicity and reduction of sample matrix effects . Other recent miniaturized extraction techniques have also been applied, such as solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) , liquid‐phase microextraction (LPME) , dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction (DLLME) , stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) , or even a combination of both DLLME and SBSE . Despite the commented benefits, miniaturized extraction methods can result time‐consuming or required more trained staff, and in this case, SPE can be the most suitable choice.…”

“…Gas chromatography (GC) coupled to low resolution mass spectrometry (MS) is the preferred technique for determination of PAHs in water samples . Although, GC‐magnetic sector high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has also been used. However, obtaining adequate resolution can become a critical point since there are several groups of compounds which can co‐elute, making necessary the use of specific columns .…”