Solid phase microextraction techniques used for gas chromatography: a review

Abstract

In the last decade, the development and adoption of greener and sustainable microextraction techniques have been proved to be an effective alternative to classical sample preparation procedures. In this review, 10 commercially available solid-phase microextraction systems are presented, with special attention to the appraisal of their analytical, bioanalytical, and environmental engineering. This review provides an overview of the challenges and achievements in the application of fully automated miniaturized sample preparation methods in analytical laboratories. Both theoretical and practical aspects of these environment-friendly preparation approaches are discussed. The application of chemometrics in method development is also discussed. We are convinced that green analytical chemistry will be really useful in the years ahead. The application of cheap, fast, automated, “clever”, and environmentally safe procedures to environmental, clinical, and food analysis will improve significantly the quality of the analytical data.

Hunting Molecules in Complex Matrices with SPME Arrows: A Review

“…However, more extensive work will have to investigate this in the future. For instance, forthcoming work should consider the use of programmed temperature vaporization (PTV)-type inlets for SPME Arrows [14].…”

“…As can be seen in Table 3, the detection limits for the SPME Arrow are in the same range as P and T and ITEX techniques, which are representative of exhaustive extraction techniques. However, the automation of workflow for the SPME Arrow is not only simpler than for P and T but also compatible with direct immersion experiments, which are not doable by ITEX [14].…”

“…The first premise beyond the development of novel extraction phases is that the performance of these materials is better than those already commercially available by improving either robustness, extraction capabilities or device ruggedness [6,14,60]. For instance, the lack of inter-device reproducibility of one of the most popular extraction phases in SPME for GC analysis, the triple phase (DVB/Car/PDMS), has been its Achilles' heel [61].…”

“…In parallel with the development of the SPME Arrow, other green chemistry technologies aiming to overcome the drawbacks of the traditional SPME fiber have also appeared [14]. Among them, one can highlight the thin film microextraction (TFME), the stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), and the in-tube extraction (ITEX).…”

“…Among them, one can highlight the thin film microextraction (TFME), the stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), and the in-tube extraction (ITEX). As recently reviewed by Dugheri and Olcer [9,14], most of these technologies offer better analytical features over the traditional SPME fiber. However, some of them are harder to automate [15] or are not compatible for direct immersion experiments [16].…”