Solid sampling by electrothermal vaporization in combination with electrostatic particle deposition for electrothermal atomization multi-element analysis

Developments in the Determination of Trace Elements by Atomic Spectroscopic Techniques

“…(c) CFS-spectrometer with lamp, crossed polarizers (P 1 and P 2 ), magnet, the second graphite furnace (GF 2 ), glass capillary introduced, and detector system. Adapted with permission from Buchkamp and Hermann G (1999). Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. Buchkamp and Hermann (1999) (see Fig.…”

“…Adapted with permission from Buchkamp and Hermann G (1999). Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. Buchkamp and Hermann (1999) (see Fig. 1), and Bernhardt et al (2000).…”

An electrothermal vaporization unit with axially focusing convection upstream and influence of modifiers. Part I: Experimental

“…Various constructions of electrothermal vaporization (ETV) cells have been used as sample introduction tools for inductively coupled plasma optical emission and mass spectrometry (ICP-OES/MS) [1][2][3][4][5] as well as for graphite furnace (GF) analytical techniques [6][7][8][9]. Advantages of the ETV dosing are the capability for solid, liquid, and slurry sampling, reduction of sample preparation time with reduced risk of sample contamination and of analyte loss prior to analysis.…”

“…Up to now, the ETV devices are based on the following designs: (1) cup vaporizers, (2) end-on flow-through GFs with vapor outlet through one of the ends of the graphite tube [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][10][11][12], and (3) upstream configurations with the gas entering the GF through its ends and released upwards through a hole in the tube center [1,9,12,13]. The comparison shows the superiority of the upstream configuration [12].…”

“…The generated aerosol is transferred via a tygon® tubing (Norton, Akron, OH, USA) to a Continuum Source GF Coherent Forward Scattering multi-element Spectrometer (CS-CFS). Instrumental parameters and detailed description of the spectrometer are given elsewhere [6,7,[24][25][26]. On the transport path the aerosol is divided in pre-set 1:9 ratio [9] and then quantitatively (possible exception: Section 3.5 last paragraph) collected via electrostatic precipitation (EP) with a corona-like discharge [7,[27][28][29][30] upon the platform of the HGA-600 CFS furnace.…”