Solid-state batteries: from ‘all-solid’ to ‘almost-solid’

Abstract

The ‘all-solid’ concept is not necessarily the most rewarding target, and ‘almost-solid’ may rather be the most feasible strategy.

Modulating the cathode interface in sodium-beta alumina-based semi-solid-state sodium cells using liquid-organic electrolytes

“…5a). 34 This observation underlines the need for engineering the Na|BASE interface in future works. 3 Fig.…”

“…2 It fills the solid electrolytes and electrode's pores, increasing the active area and lowering the electrode's impedance. 34 Meanwhile, high specific energy metal anodes still can be used due to the inorganic electrolyte acting as an ion conductor and separator, shielding the LOE from the strong reductant. The lower flammable organic solvents make the approach safer than liquid electrolytes.…”

Degradation of Styrene-Poly(ethylene oxide)-Based Block Copolymer Electrolytes at the Na and K Negative Electrode Studied by Microcalorimetry and Impedance Spectroscopy

“…In solid-state batteries, where the electrolyte is either ceramic-or polymer-based, alkali metals are commonly used as negative electrodes. 1 The use of metal foils instead of porous intercalation/ insertion type electrodes offers a path towards higher energy densities compared to conventional composite electrodes due to less dead weight and smaller electrode volume required to store the same number of charge carriers (under the assumption of a wellbalanced N/P ratio). 2 Alkali metals are generally found to be highly reactive towards electrolyte components 3 and to undergo significant morphological changes, 4,5 which inevitably leads to rapid capacity decay upon recurring irreversible reactions at the negative electrode.…”

Regulating Conductive Copolymerization Networks in the Polymer Electrolyte for High-Performance Quasi-Solid-State Lithium–Metal Batteries

“…Polymer-based electrolytes (PEs), one of the essential categories of solid-state electrolytes, have attracted curiosity as potential substitutions for organic liquid electrolytes for the advantage of nonvolatility, lightweight, machinability, intimate contact with electrodes and flexibility for large-scale roll-to-roll manufacturing. − The gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs), integrating the flexibility processability of polymer electrolytes and the high conductivity of liquid electrolytes, have emerged as the most practical candidate for reducing interfacial resistance and achieving long service life . Despite these advantages, the applications of GPEs have been severely constrained because of their low ionic conductivity, low lithium transference number, narrow electrochemical stability window (ESW), and poor durability for mechanical strength. , …”