Solid state fermentation to obtain vegetable products bio-enriched with isoflavone aglycones using lactic cultures

Production and Optimization of Conjugated Linoleic and Eicosapentaenoic Acids by Bifidobacterium lactis in Cold-Pressed Soybean Cake

“…On the other hand, CLA is a natural unsaturated trans fatty acid (1) available in the meat and milk fat of sheep, goats and deer (1,(9)(10). Despite being a specific trans fatty acid, it is categorized as non-trans, according to FDA; it is also known as a safe GRAS (7,(11)(12)(13). In addition, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is one of the most unsaturated fatty acids of omega-3 type with a potentially beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system (14) in different volumes, within the range of 0.1 to 2.6 g in some fish types, especially cold-water fish.…”

“…There exist at least 28 known CLA isomers ( 4 ), among which cis 9 and Trans 11 (mostly in meat and dairy) have anti-cancer properties. Trans 10 isomer, cis 12 (mostly in vegetable oil) ( 5 ), is active in the body’s fat reduction and weight loss, as well as the increase of energy consumption ( 6 , 7 ). It is the most abundant and important in terms of naturalness, with about 85 and 10%, respectively ( 1 , 8 ).…”

“…Despite the anti-nutritional nature of some lipids ( 6 ), such as trans and saturated fatty acids, another group of lipids has shown beneficial physiological effects. In this regard, fatty acids have received much attention due to their positive effect on the prevention of a number of diseases ( 7 , 9 ). For this reason, the necessity of using biotechnological ways to produce healthy fats has attracted much attention, with a good potential in terms of producing safe and healthy fat products, as shown in the studies focused on producing and incorporating them into foods ( 4 , 18 , 19 ).…”

“…In this context, one of these health-promoting or pragmatic lipids is conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), the isomer of CLA 9-cis, 11trans, which has a potentiating effect on the transmission of PPARγ (fatty acids) nucleus, the main regulator of fat cell differentiation. It acts as a stimulant of adiponectin secretion, and this mechanism can partially counteract the anti-hypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-angiogenic effects (effective in preventing cancer metastasis), as well as offering atherosclerotic, anti-cancer and anti-diabetic properties helpful for improving the human’s health ( 1 , 7 , 10 ).…”

“…In contrast, the CLA isomer, trans10, could increase cis12 lipolysis, reducing the function of fatty acid synthesis ( 20 ), as well as being associated with proatrogenic effects, insulin resistance, and inflammation ( 5 , 17 ). In addition, CLA has other beneficial physiological effects, such as increasing body muscle, improving the immune system, providing antioxidants (free radical scavengers), serving as an anti-allergy agent and reducing platelet coagulation ( 2 , 7 , 18 , 21 ).…”