Solid state speciation and potential bioavailability of depleted uranium particles from Kosovo and Kuwait

Lind, Ole Christian; Salbu, Brit; Skipperud, Lindis; Janssens, Koen; Jaroszewicz, Jakub; Nolf, Wout De

doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2008.12.018

Cited by 76 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Furthermore, micro-XANES showed that U and Pu in the particles are present as mixed oxides. U is found to be in oxidation state IV whereas Pu apparently is a mixture of Pu (III) and Pu (IV) [34].…”

Section: Elemental Imaging Of Single Particlesmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Electron microscopy as well as microscopic XRS techniques utilising SR radiation have proved most useful in providing such information. Different high energy microanalysis techniques (micro-XRF, micro-XANES, micro-XRD) were combined to characterise individual micrometer sized radioactive particles originating from the nuclear weapons accident in Thule, Greenland in 1968 [34]. It was shown that particle characteristics including weathering rates and mobilisation of associated radionuclides are source specific and release-scenario dependent.…”

Section: Elemental Imaging Of Single Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence analysis in environmental and earth sciences

Adams

2010

EPJ Web of Conferences

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Abstract. Compared to other microscopic analytical tools X-ray microscopy techniques have the advantage that the large penetration depth of X-rays in matter allows one to investigate the interior of an object without destructive sample preparation. In combination with X-ray fluorescence tomography, analytical information from inside of a specimen can be obtained. Different X-ray analytical techniques can be used to produce contrast, X-ray absorption, fluorescence, and diffraction, to yield chemical, elemental, and structural information about the sample. Scanning microscopy on the basis of various lens systems in synchrotron radiation sources provides a routine spatial resolution of now about 100 nanometer but in the foreseeable future a 10-20 nanometer spatial resolution can be expected. X-ray absorption spectrometry can also provide chemical (speciation) information on the sample. All this makes X-ray microscopy attractive to many fields of science. In this paper the techniques are briefly reviewed and a number of applications in the earth, planetary and cosmos sciences are illustrated with state-of-the art examples, while applications in the environmental sciences and biology are also briefly discussed.

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Section: Elemental Imaging Of Single Particlesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Elemental Imaging Of Single Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence analysis in environmental and earth sciences

Adams

2010

EPJ Web of Conferences

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“…However, Lind et al (2009) do report finding DU in a variety of forms including DU metal, a DU-Fe alloy, and a DU carbide. The leachability of DU from soils varies, but Lind et al (2009) found that in simulated gastric fluids (pH=1 HCl) DU particles from battle site soils leached significantly slower than DU from a fire in a DU storage facility. After 148 hours the maximum DU leached was 90% from the fire sample and about 86% from the Kosovo sample and 75% from the Kuwait sample.…”

Section: Other Sites With Explosive Du Releasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, the mineralogy of Kosovo and Kuwait DU particles is mixed oxides dominated by the U(IV) oxidation state (Török et al, 2004;Salbu et al, 2005;Lind et al, 2009). However, Lind et al (2009) do report finding DU in a variety of forms including DU metal, a DU-Fe alloy, and a DU carbide.…”

Section: Other Sites With Explosive Du Releasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical Evaluation of Soil Remediation Alternatives at the Building 812 Operable Unit, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Site 300

Eddy-Dilek¹,

Miles²,

Abitz³

2009

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“…A number of other studies have characterised individual particles from environmental samples contaminated by the combustion of uranium metals and DU munitions (e.g. Török et al 2004;Salbu et al 2005;Lind et al 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The distribution of depleted uranium contamination in Colonie, NY, USA

Lloyd

Chenery

Parrish

2009

Science of The Total Environment

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Uranium oxide particulates were dispersed into the environment from a factory in Colonie (NY, USA) by prevailing winds during the 1960's and '70's. Uranium concentration and isotope ratios from bulk soil samples have been accurately measured using inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QMS) without the need for analyte separation chemistry. The natural range of uranium concentrations in the Colonie soils has been estimated as 0.7 -2.1 µg g -1 , with a geometric mean of 1 µg g -1 ; the contaminated soil samples comprise uranium up to 500 ± 40 µg g -1. A plot of 236 U/ 238 U against 235 U/ 238 U isotopes ratios describes a mixing line between natural uranium and depleted uranium (DU) in bulk soil samples; scatter from this line can be accounted for by heterogeneity in the DU particulate. The end-member of DU compositions aggregated in these bulk samples comprises (2.05 ± 0.06) x10 -3 235 U/ 238 U, (3.2 ± 0.1) x10 -5 236 U/ 238 U, and (7.1 ± 0.3) x10 -6 234 U/ 238 U. The analytical method is sensitive to as little as 50 ng g -1 DU mixed with the natural uranium occurring in these soils. The contamination footprint has been mapped northward from site, and at least one third of the uranium in a soil sample from the surface 5 cm, collected 5.1 km NNW of the site, is DU. The distribution of contamination within the surface soil horizon follows a trend of exponential decrease with depth, which can be approximated by a simple diffusion model. Bioturbation by earthworms can account for dispersal of contaminant from the soil surface, in the form of primary uranium oxide particulates and uranyl species that are sorbed to organic matter. Considering this distribution, the total mass of uranium contamination emitted from the factory is estimated to be c. 4.8 tonnes.

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Solid state speciation and potential bioavailability of depleted uranium particles from Kosovo and Kuwait

Cited by 76 publications

References 28 publications

Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence analysis in environmental and earth sciences

Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence analysis in environmental and earth sciences

Technical Evaluation of Soil Remediation Alternatives at the Building 812 Operable Unit, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Site 300

The distribution of depleted uranium contamination in Colonie, NY, USA

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