Solidarity, Song, and the Sound Document

Abstract

This essay offers a media archeology of the cacophonous sounds and songs of the occupational strikes at the Lenin Shipyards in Gdańsk, Poland. Political action over the course of August 1980 led to the formation and legalization of Solidarity, the first independent trade union behind the Iron Curtain. The Polish case study provides a model for the study of music and political activism that brings together history, sound, and music studies, and prompts a broader examination of listening, singing, and collective action. In their immediate wake, the successful protests stimulated celebration, critical analysis, and documentary effort. Across the initial written, recorded, and filmed accounts of the strikes, I observe a pervasive effort to invest sound with the power to authenticate these records as grass-roots history. Such chronicles, which I theorize as “sound documents,” draw attention to the important yet multivalent presence of sound and music in the project of collective opposition to state socialism in Poland through the 1980s. Two ambitious sound documents—an eclectic almanac and a radio montage—form the basis of a variegated account of the highly mediatized soundscape of the Polish strikes. They reveal the significance of anthems and simultaneously underscore the lack of sonic coherence in Gdańsk. Through the sound document, music emerges as a crucial tool through which to rethink and reconfigure the cultural history of collective action.

Canto femenino cuequero: Voicing Feminist Solidarity in Chile

“…There was of course the practical reason of being able to enter mixed performance contexts and occupy sonic space once dominated by men. As someone put it in one class, “I like that a bit, that challenge, as if [men] feel a bit invaded in their own territory.” A more significant reason, however, was being able to use one’s voice as an act of solidarity (Bohlman, 2016), a way of forging public intimacy (Guilbault, 2010) when others attempted to enter the space. As my classmate Dani explained (transcription of class recording, Santiago, September 13, 2018),I don’t really sing well, but sometimes I’ve tried because I have female friends that want to, so we support each other a lot.…”

The humiliated began to sing

“…Great social movements and large-scale protests are often identified with one iconic song. The Solidarity movement in Poland had the song 'Mury' performed by Jacek Kaczmarski (Bohlman, 2016) , and mass protests in Hong Kong in 2019 had 'May Glory Be to Hong Kong' (Choi, 2020) . During protests of a smaller scale and intensity, protest songs used to be an in-group activity for the needs of already mobilized people (Hurner, 2006) .…”