Solidification effect and mechanism of ionic soil stabilizer applied on high-water-content clay

Solidification Effect and Mechanism of Marine Muck Treated with Ionic Soil Stabilizer and Cement

“…Almost the same XRD patterns for samples M and MI indicated that there was no new product generated after single ISS-soil stabilization. However, compared to 001 reflection in sample M, the d 001 -value of montmorillonite in sample MI reduced from 1.417 nm to 1.408 nm after single ISS solidification, which testified that the interlayer water was exhausted from montmorillonite through the irreversible action of ISS, the principle has been already proved by the previous literature on the research of single ISS solidified soil [26].…”

“…Nevertheless, the addition of NaOH further significantly reduced the water content of the solidified soil as shown in Figure 5a with solid square. ISS can expulse various types of water (such as interlayer, bound and free water) from soils through an irreversible process as demonstrated in the previous study for silt solidified with single ISS [26]. In contrast, the pH-value firstly significantly increased with the increasing of Portland cement dosage from 0 to 6%, and then increased slowly with the increasing of Portland cement dosage from 6% to 18% for all types of samples (MPct, MIPct and MIAPct).…”

“…The natural Ningde marine muck (abbreviated to M as described in Table 3) was dried in an electro-thermostatic blast oven for 48 h with a temperature of 55 • C, then it was milled and sieved through a 2-mm sieve to get dried soil powders in preparation for the subsequent different types of solidified samples. Meanwhile, ISS should be diluted with water before utilization due to its high concentration [26]. Firstly, ISS concentrate was diluted by deionized water at the volume ratio (ISS:water = 1:x) as 0 (without ISS), 1:200, 1:175, 1:150, 1:125, 1:100, 1:75, 1:50 and 1:25.…”

“…Recently, ionic soil stabilizer (ISS), a by-product of citrus industry, has attracted much more attentions as a kind of soil curing agent [19][20][21]. It has been efficiently utilized alone for some kinds of soils, such as frozen soil [22], red clay [23], expansive soil [24,25], soft clay [26], etc. The theoretical study indicates that the ISS can change the double electric layer structure of clay and expulse various types of water from soil through an irreversible process [27], which has been supported by experimental studies [19,26,28,29].…”

“…It has been efficiently utilized alone for some kinds of soils, such as frozen soil [22], red clay [23], expansive soil [24,25], soft clay [26], etc. The theoretical study indicates that the ISS can change the double electric layer structure of clay and expulse various types of water from soil through an irreversible process [27], which has been supported by experimental studies [19,26,28,29]. Usually, cement mixture solidification method, which is considered in accord with construction standards, is still widely utilized in practice in the field of engineering [30][31][32][33].…”