Solitude at Grand Canyon: an application of expectancy theory

Stewart, William P.; Carpenter, Edwin H.

doi:10.1080/00222216.1989.11969786

Cited by 26 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A par-ticipant's evaluation of an experience is largely determined by individual expectations which are often based on previous experiences, or experience use history (Schreyer & Lime, 1984;Webster, 1991;Williams, Schreyer, & Knopf, 1990). Motives are linked to expected outcomes of behavior, expectations about future consequences initiates behavior, and behavior is expected to result in satisfaction (Dunn Ross & Iso-Ahola, 1991;Lounsbury & Polik, 1992;Ragheb & Tate, 1993;Stewart & Carpenter, 1989). As a result, participation in leisure experiences is, to a great extent, determined by evaluations of past experiences.…”

Section: Prior Experience and Information Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a Tourist Brochure

Andereck

2005

Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT. Even with advances in tourism information search technology, brochures are still popular information sources for tourists. The purpose of this paper is to describe tourist evaluations of a brochure, and to better understand how such evaluations influence visitation interest levels and actual visitation. A mail survey was conducted using a sample of individuals who requested travel information from Glendale, Arizona. Results suggest that the brochure did significantly increase respondents' interest in visiting Glendale and subsequent visitation, and that evaluation of the brochure was related to actual visitation. Visitors, prospective visitors, and non-visitors differed with respect to brochure evaluation. There were also some differences between respondents who had visited the community before and those who had not, as well as several demographic segments.

show abstract

Section: Prior Experience and Information Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a Tourist Brochure

Andereck

2005

Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Expectations must relate to actual conditions in order for avoidance behaviours to be successful. This supposition has been supported by studies which illustrate that recreationists seek relevant information prior to their trip activity (Manfredo et al 1983;Stewart & Carpenter, 1989). The need for expected conditions to match actual conditions is necessary in order that the recreationist is able in future to act upon information with a certain degree of assurance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Expectations operate largely through the mechanism of anticipatory thought (Bandura, 1986). Expectancy theory holds that there is a direct correlation between the expected (antecedent) and the result (subsequent), usually a positive correlation anticipating benefit (Stewart & Carpenter, 1989). Many other factors can interfere in any specific individual's motivation to act, such as available time, financial resources, or other mediating factors.…”

Section: Human Behaviour and Expectancy Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recreational satisfaction research has even more closely linked expectations formation towards recreational outings with previous learning or experience (Schreyer, Lime & Williams, 1984;Stewart & Carpenter, 1989;Webb & Worchel, 1993). Recreational managers responsible for providing services to a varied visitor population will benefit in their site management plans by analysing potential visitor groups' expectations prior to the development of any recreational site.…”

Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recreation surveys based on expectancy theory have primarily been utilised for research into issues of crowding and desire for solitude (Stewart & Carpenter, 1989;Webb & Worchel, 1993). Tarrant, Cordell, and Kibler (1997) found that environmental conditions, such as the number and type of other users, location, and activity, influence crowding levels by changing recreationists' expectations about the social situation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Visitor trail attribute expectations for a proposed heritage trail: potential impacts for an integrated resource management regime

Field¹

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This thesis examined a method of identifying heritage visitors' expectations of trail attributes encountered on a multi-use trail and how these expectations could be incorporated into an Integrated Resource Management planning process. Using data from a mail-out survey exploring heritage visitors expectations for standards affected by recreational, forestry, and mining activities, the research proposed an alternative method of collecting user needs data to be incorporated into a heritage trail design plan. The survey design employed expectancy theory to reveal heritage visitors' expectations towards types of recreational encounter and impacts from potential logging or mining activity. Residency proved to be the single most determining expectancy variable analysed in this study for differences in impact assessments.Interviews with identified resource planning stakeholders were used to analyse how survey data would be incorporated by stakeholders in shared-use decision making processes for resource planning. Integrated Resource Management planning methods have proven effective in utilising research data from multiple fields in a collaborative process of negotiated use or access. This thesis provides research from a recreational and heritage perspective to aid these collaborative development efforts. The relatively homogenous survey results from heritage visitors suggest they hold similar attitudes towards both recreational and industrial pursuits on or near the trail. Preferences lie in non-mechanised low-impact recreation and very limited industrial activities which predominately represent previous historical practices. Stakeholder interview results indicate that as planning data, the incorporation of this data will be dependent upon each stakeholder group's organisational mandate.

show abstract

Expectancy Theory in Quality-of-Life Leisure Indicators – Influences for Integrated Resource Management

Field

2010

Quality-of-Life Community Indicators for Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Solitude at Grand Canyon: an application of expectancy theory

Cited by 26 publications

References 10 publications

Evaluation of a Tourist Brochure

Evaluation of a Tourist Brochure

Visitor trail attribute expectations for a proposed heritage trail: potential impacts for an integrated resource management regime

Expectancy Theory in Quality-of-Life Leisure Indicators – Influences for Integrated Resource Management

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About