Solubility and Partitioning. 3. The Solubility of Halobenzenes in Water

Yalkowsky, Samuel H.; Orr, R. J.; Valvani, Shri C.

doi:10.1021/i160072a011

Cited by 147 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The melting point coefficient is 0.0037 for aliphatic solids and 0.0143 for aromatic solids. These values are inconsistent with each other and smaller or larger than the theoretical range of 0.0095-0.01 [4,7].…”

Section: Pathway 2 -Group Contribution Methodscontrasting

confidence: 66%

Development of an automatic estimation system for both the partition coefficient and aqueous solubility

Suzuki¹

1991

J Computer-Aided Mol Des

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A computer program has been developed for estimating both the partition coefficient between 1-octanol and water phases and the aqueous solubility from the structural formula. This system is an extended version of a previously described program entitled CHEMICALC for the automatic estimation of the partition coefficient. The aqueous solubility is estimated via two pathways. The first is based on the linear relationship between logarithms of the aqueous solubilities of 497 compounds and their estimated 1-octanol/water partition coefficients. In the second, combined handling of two available group contribution methods of Irmann [Chem. Ing. Tech., 37 (1965) 789] and Wakita et al. [Chem. Pharm. Bull., 34 (1986) 4663] is adopted according to compound type. Some revisions and extensions of the methods for estimating the aqueous solubility have been made in both pathways, and the accuracy of the estimated aqueous solubilities for 497 compounds is discussed.

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Section: Pathway 2 -Group Contribution Methodscontrasting

confidence: 66%

Development of an automatic estimation system for both the partition coefficient and aqueous solubility

Suzuki¹

1991

J Computer-Aided Mol Des

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“…To properly correlate chemical solubilities to partition coefficients, subcooled liquid solubilities are used, as they properly define chemical activity in the water phase by discounting the crystal energy required to melt the solid phase (Allen et al, 1999;Van Noort, 2004). For many of the 63 chemicals, the crystal energy is unknown; however the following equation has been suggested for estimating the crystal energy term (Yalkowsky et al, 1979;Gobas et al, 1988;Reichenberg et al, 2008),…”

Section: Correlation Of K Pe-w To C ãmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel method for measuring polymer–water partition coefficients

Zhu

Jafvert

et al. 2015

Chemosphere

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“…This implies that the diffusive bioconcentration of HOCs in small soil organisms is driven by a difference in chemical activity between the organism and the surrounding environment. The maximum chemical activity (a max ) of a solid HOC can be estimated from its melting temperature (T m , K) and the ambient temperature (T, K) according to Yalkowsky et al [6], assuming the entropy of melting to be 56 J mol À1 K À1 (i.e., Walden's rule) a max ¼ e 6:8Âð1À Tm T Þ (1) As seen from Equation 1, HOCs that are solid at a given ambient temperature have an a max below 1, and a max decreases with increasing melting temperature. Chemical activity (a HOC , dimensionless) can be related to the concentration (C HOC , mol L À1 ) via a compound-and medium-specific activity coefficient (g HOC , L mol À1 ) [7] a HOC ¼ C HOC Â g HOC (2) Chemical activity is an established concept in physical chemistry and the basis for the equilibrium partitioning theory that is often used to link total soil and sediment concentrations to actual concentrations in organisms [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uptake and toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in terrestrial springtails—studying bioconcentration kinetics and linking toxicity to chemical activity

Schmidt

Smith

Holmstrup

et al. 2012

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-Passive dosing applies a polymer loaded with test compound(s) to establish and maintain constant exposure in laboratory experiments. Passive dosing with the silicone poly(dimethylsiloxane) was used to control exposure of the terrestrial springtail Folsomia candida to six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bioconcentration and toxicity experiments. Folsomia candida could move freely on the PAH-loaded silicone, resulting in exposure via air and direct contact. The bioconcentration kinetics indicated efficient uptake of naphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene through air and (near) equilibrium partitioning of these PAHs to lipids and possibly the waxy layer of the springtail cuticle. Toxicities of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene were related to chemical activity, which quantifies the energetic level and drives spontaneous processes including diffusive biouptake. Chemical activity-response relationships yielded effective lethal chemical activities (La50s) well within the expected range for baseline toxicity (0.01-0.1). Effective lethal body burdens for naphthalene and pyrene exceeded the expected range of 2 to 8 mmol kg À1 fresh weight, which again indicated the waxy layer to be a sorbing phase. Finally, chemical activities were converted into equilibrium partitioning concentrations in lipids yielding effective lethal concentrations for naphthalene and phenanthrene in good correspondence with the lethal membrane burden for baseline toxicity (40-160 mmol kg À1 lipid). Passive dosing was a practical approach for tightly controlling PAH exposure, which in turn provided new experimental possibilities and findings. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:361-369. # 2012 SETAC

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Solubility and Partitioning. 3. The Solubility of Halobenzenes in Water

Cited by 147 publications

References 6 publications

Development of an automatic estimation system for both the partition coefficient and aqueous solubility

Development of an automatic estimation system for both the partition coefficient and aqueous solubility

A novel method for measuring polymer–water partition coefficients

Uptake and toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in terrestrial springtails—studying bioconcentration kinetics and linking toxicity to chemical activity

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