Solubility of Diethyl Ether in Water, Blood and Oil

Eger, Edmond I.; Shargel, Richard; Merkel, G.

doi:10.1097/00000542-196309000-00017

Cited by 27 publications

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“…Allowance needs to be made for the differing solubility of anaesthetics in (Larsen, Eger & Severinghaus, 1962a,b;, trichloroethylene is some six times as soluble (Powell, 1947) and ether is as soluble in blood as in water (Larsen et al, 1962b;Eger, Shargel & Merkel, 1963 (Raventos, 1956). Only with ether and trichloroethylene did the concentrations far exceed those needed to produce surgical anaesthesia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Some Volatile Anaesthetics on the Transmurally Stimulated Guinea‐pig Ileum

Speden

1965

British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy

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Many volatile anaesthetics have been shown to inhibit intestinal movements during anaesthesia. The inhibition so produced has been attributed to: (1) a direct effect of the anaesthetic on the smooth muscle; (2) an action on the intrinsic nerves of the intestine; (3) an effect on the extrinsic nerve supply; (4) release of some gastrointestinal inhibiting substance into the blood stream; and (5) to hypoxia accompanying the anaesthesia (Miller, or (2) seems probable for most if not all volatile anaesthetics as extrinsic denerva-tion, adrenalectomy or a low concentration of inhaled oxygen fails to abolish the depressant effects of those anaesthetics investigated. There have, however, been few attempts, and these only recently, which distinguish between an action on the intrinsic nerves and an action on the muscle itself. These reports are conflicting. Raventos (1961) reported that the response of the cat intestine to acetyl-p-methylcholine-a direct muscle stimulant-was unaffected at a time when halothane had abolished the contraction of the intestine to vagal stimulation. Marshall et al. (1961) found, in contrast, that halothane did depress the response of the dog intestine in situ to acetyl-f-methylcholine. The purpose of the present experiments was to see if anaesthetics depressed intestinal movements by an action on the muscle, on the intrinsic nerve supply, or both. The trans-murally stimulated guinea-pig isolated ileum preparation (Paton, 1955) was chosen since it provided a cholinergic nerve-muscle preparation which would be sensitive to drugs depressing either nervous tissue or smooth muscle. METHODS The methods used were essentially those described by Paton (1955, 1957a). A guinea-pig was stunned by a blow on the head and then bled, and a length of ileum from near the caecum was removed. After the lumen of the ileum was washed out, the aboral end of a suitable length of ileum was tied to a length of polyethylene tubing leading to a reservoir. A platinum electrode was inserted into the lumen of the oral * Present address:

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Some Volatile Anaesthetics on the Transmurally Stimulated Guinea‐pig Ileum

Speden

1965

British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy

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“…The figures in parentheses refer to the following references: (1) Shaffer & Ronzoni, 1923. (2) Jones, Baldes & Faulconer, 1950. (3) Haggard, 1923. (4) Robbins, 1935. (5) Eger, Shargel & Merkel, 1963. (6) Orcutt & Seevers, 1937. (7) Raventos, 1956. (8) Duncan & Raventos, 1959. (9) Larsen, Eger & Severinghaus, 1962. (10)This paper (see Methods). (11) Eger& (12) Abbott Laboratories; personal communication Partition coefficients (at 37 to 380 C) Anaesthetic Blood/air Oil/water Ether 14-9 (1) 3-2 (6) 14-4 (2) 15-5 (7) 15-2 (3) 5-3 (5) 14-4 (4) 12-1 (5) Halothane 3-6 (8) 330 (7) 2-3 (9) 300 (9) Methoxyflurane 12-3 (10) 390-400 (12) 13'0 (11) 183 (11) Despite this complication, there were differences in the subsequent development of the three onset curves which were clearly attributable to the differing solubilities of the anaesthetics in blood and in fat.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Analysis of the Kinetics of Anaesthesia of Mice

Patón

Speden

1965

British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy

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A number of mathematical theories have been developed in an attempt to describe quantitatively the rate of uptake of anaesthetics by the body. Most involve one, two or more exponential processes (see Kety, 1951;Mapleson, 1962;Mapleson, 1963). These same theories have also been used to explain differences between the speeds of induction of anaesthesia by the various anaesthetics as well as the rapidity of recovery from anaesthesia (Kety, 1951;Butler, 1958; Adriani, 1963). However, it is not known whether induction of, or recovery from, anaesthesia follows the single or multiple exponential time-course predicted by these theories. Onset of anaesthesia and recovery from anaesthesia have been described as fast or slow, nothing more. The object of the present experiments was to determine the rates (that is, the kinetics) of anaesthesia more quantitatively. To do so, a simple theory has been formulated such that the existence of one or more exponential components in the onset of anaesthesia could be detected. Three volatile anaesthetics possessing markedly different solubilities in fat and blood were selected for study. These were halothane, ether and methoxyflurane. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS Onset of anaesthesiaThe simplest description of the uptake of anaesthetic at its sites of action in the brain is for the situation where uptake is determined by a single exponential process:where x is the concentration of anaesthetic at its sites of action in the brain at a time, t, after exposure to a constant vapour concentration, C, of anaesthetic; k is a rate constant and a is a proportionality constant which includes the blood/air partition coefficient of the anaesthetic.In a series of experiments using different inhaled concentrations of anaesthetic and different times of exposure, we can identify a standard pharmacological effect of the anaesthetic. Let it be assumed that equal concentrations of the same anaesthetic exist at its site of action in the brain when a standard anaesthetic effect is observed, regardless of how these concentrations are achieved. We then have:

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“…26,27 The combination of high volatility and potency meant that anesthesia could be induced with lower inspired concentrations. While the high blood-gas coefficient of 12.1 27,28 meant a slow induction, the requirement to induce frightened or recalcitrant children with lower inhaled doses demonstrated that anesthesia could still be induced at a slower pace.…”

Section: The Third Patientmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond Ether Day: Betsey Magoun, The Forgotten Patient

Firth

2023

Anesthesia &Amp; Analgesia

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Although the analgesic effects of ether were conclusively established during a series of public demonstrations of anesthesia at Massachusetts General Hospital in 1846, ether anesthesia was neither immediately nor universally introduced into practice. Betsey Magoun, the fourth patient undergoing surgery under anesthesia at the hospital, suffered life-threatening hypoxia and respiratory complications. Severe intraoperative problems witnessed by large audience may have contributed to the cautious introduction of anesthesia into routine practice. Ether inhalation was not commonly used until more effective methods of induction and maintenance of anesthesia were discovered.

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Solubility of Diethyl Ether in Water, Blood and Oil

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

The Effect of Some Volatile Anaesthetics on the Transmurally Stimulated Guinea‐pig Ileum

The Effect of Some Volatile Anaesthetics on the Transmurally Stimulated Guinea‐pig Ileum

An Analysis of the Kinetics of Anaesthesia of Mice

Beyond Ether Day: Betsey Magoun, The Forgotten Patient

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