Solubility of Fumaric Acid and Its Monosodium Salt

Abstract

Fumaric acid is a dicarboxylic acid applied in food industry and in some polymers. Currently, its fermentative production from renewable resources is receiving much attention, and crystallization is used to recover it. To determine the window of operation for crystallization from multicomponent fermentation mixtures, the aqueous solubilities of fumaric acid and its sodium salts were investigated. For fumaric acid, sodium hydrogen fumarate, and sodium fumarate, solubilities and pH increased in this order because of increasing polarity and dissociation. A mathematical model was developed to predict crystal type and amount as function of temperature and pH. The effect of glucose (up to 3.0 mmol·mol–1) on the solubility can be neglected, but ethanol (1.0 mmol·mol–1) slightly increased the solubility of fumaric acid and significantly decreased the solubility of the sodium salts, because the aqueous solution becomes less polar upon ethanol addition but not upon glucose addition.

Measurement and Correlation of the Solubility of 5-Fluorouracil in Pure and Binary Solvents

“…However, the RD significantly increases with increasing heating rates for those >0.5 K/min. Consequently, a heating rate of 0.3 K/min was chosen for these experiments because it provides accuracy and fast solubility measurement. , …”

Solubility Determination and Correlation of Warfarin Sodium 2-Propanol Solvate in Pure, Binary, and Ternary Solvent Mixtures

“…In this study, the solubility of WS·IPA was determined applying the polythermal method − , by using a Crystal16 multiple reactor system (Technobis Crystallization Systems), leading to unevenly distributed data points within the reported temperature range. ,,− Sealed glass vials with an internal volume of 2 mL (Fisher Scientific) were employed to prepare the samples with different concentrations using a microbalance (XP26, Mettler Toledo, uncertainty ± 0.002 mg) to weigh the solute and an analytical balance (MS104S, Mettler Toledo, uncertainty ± 0.1 mg) to weigh the pure solvents and solvent mixtures. The resulting suspensions were vigorously agitated using a magnetic stir bar (rare earth) at 700 rpm while being heated from 278.15 to 333.15 K at 0.3 K/min. ,, Owing to the boiling point restriction of acetone (329.15 K), the temperature range needed to be adjusted to 278.15–323.15 K for the pure solvent and all solvent mixtures containing this solvent. Assuming that the dissolution kinetics can be neglected, the transmission of light through the suspension can be used to determine the saturation temperature at its maximum using the software CrystalClear (v 1.0.1.614). ,,− ,, Each concentration was measured at least twice to ensure accuracy .…”

High-Pressure Acid-Catalyzed Isomerization and Hydration of Fumaric Acid in a Homogeneous Nonisothermal Batch Reactor

“…The applied procedure for the determination of the solubility of F was essentially the same as described in the literature . To summarize, the cell was loaded with a well-known concentration of fumaric acid at ambient temperature, sealed, and kept under agitation with a magnetic stirrer at 500 rpm.…”