The
inertness of the C–H bond in CH4 poses significant
challenges to selective CH4 oxidation, which often proceeds
all the way to CO2 once activated. Selective oxidation
of CH4 to high-value industrial chemicals such as CO or
CH3OH remains a challenge. Presently, the main methods
to activate CH4 oxidation include thermochemical, electrochemical,
and photocatalytic reactions. Of them, photocatalytic reactions hold
great promise for practical applications but have been poorly studied.
Existing demonstrations of photocatalytic CH4 oxidation
exhibit limited control over the product selectivity, with CO2 as the most common product. The yield of CO or other hydrocarbons
is too low to be of any practical value. In this work, we show that
highly selective production of CO by CH4 oxidation can
be achieved by a photoelectrochemical (PEC) approach. Under our experimental
conditions, the highest yield for CO production was 81.9%. The substrate
we used was TiO2 grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD),
which features high concentrations of Ti3+ species. The
selectivity toward CO was found to be highly sensitive to the substrate
types, with significantly lower yield on P25 or commercial anatase
TiO2 substrates. Moreover, our results revealed that the
selectivity toward CO also depends on the applied potentials. Based
on the experimental results, we proposed a reaction mechanism that
involves synergistic effects by adjacent Ti sites on TiO2. Spectroscopic characterization and computational studies provide
critical evidence to support the mechanism. Furthermore, the synergistic
effect was found to parallel heterogeneous CO2 reduction
mechanisms. Our results not only present a new route to selective
CH4 oxidation, but also highlight the importance of mechanistic
understandings in advancing heterogeneous catalysis.