Solubility of p-xylene in methane and ethane and implications for freeze-out at LNG conditions

Solid-fluid equilibrium measurements of benzene in methane and implications for freeze-out at LNG conditions

“…In this work a similar system to the one described in our previous publications was utilized [9][10][11]. This consists of a specialized high pressure sapphire cell, which uses a Peltier-driven cold finger to allow accurate measurements of solid-liquid equilibrium (SLE) in different hydrocarbon mixtures via the synthetic method.…”

“…Table 1 summarises the experimental data available in the literature for the melting temperature and solubility of methane + benzene binary mixtures at different conditions of temperature and pressure. The main objectives of this work were to (1) demonstrate the development of an apparatus which consists of a cryogenic environmental chamber and a visual high pressure sapphire cell (upgraded from our previous work [9][10][11]), (2) extend the body of experimental melting temperature data for the methane + benzene binary system, and (3) experimentally test predictions of software packages such as ThermoFAST developed to improve assessments of freeze-out risk in LNG production [12,13].…”

Hydrogen liquefaction: a review of the fundamental physics, engineering practice and future opportunities

“…At the cryogenic temperatures encountered in hydrogen liquefaction plants, trace concentrations of impurities can freeze-out and lead to heat exchanger blockages and even plant shutdowns. This risk is similar to that present in the liquefaction of natural gas [365][366][367][368][369][370] where the concentrations of H 2 O, C 6 H 6 and CO 2 impurities are controlled to below 0.1, 4 and 50 ppm, respectively. Significant effort has been invested into measuring and modelling the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the freeze-out phenomena.…”

High-Pressure Melting Temperature Measurements in Mixtures Relevant to Liquefied Natural Gas Production and Comparisons with Model Predictions

“…aliphatic hydrocarbons (C 1 to C 4 ) comprising the solvent. The only measurements of p-xylene's solubility in light hydrocarbons available in the literature are from Siahvashi et al 42 and these only cover binaries with methane and ethane. Additional data are clearly needed to improve SLE predictions for multicomponent mixtures containing p-xylene.…”

“…For mixture 6, Multiflash underpredicts the SLE temperature by an appreciate margin of +21.5 K. The underprediction of ThermoFAST is lower at +13.7 K. In both cases, these deviations are much larger than that seen in the other mixtures and can likely be attributed to the very different physical and chemical properties of the aromatic p -xylene solute and lighter aliphatic hydrocarbons (C 1 to C 4 ) comprising the solvent. The only measurements of p -xylene’s solubility in light hydrocarbons available in the literature are from Siahvashi et al and these only cover binaries with methane and ethane. Additional data are clearly needed to improve SLE predictions for multicomponent mixtures containing p -xylene.…”