The
solubility and thermodynamic properties of N-nitropyrazole
(N-NP) in different pure solvents are crucial for crystallization,
purification, and further theoretical research. The solid–liquid
equilibrium solubility of N-NP in the range of 293.15–323.15
K was determined in 12 pure solvents of water, mesitylene, n-hexane, cyclohexane, ethanol, chlorobenzene, benzonitrile,
propylene glycol, anisole, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, and o-dichlorobenzene by the laser
dynamic method at an atmospheric pressure of 0.1 MPa. In the temperature
range of 293.15–323.15 K, the solubility of N-NP in water,
mesitylene, n-hexane, cyclohexane, ethanol, chlorobenzene,
benzonitrile, propylene glycol, anisole, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, and o-dichlorobenzene
displayed the mole fraction solubility of 0.001271–0.003540,
0.033858–0.139782, 0.001966–0.009268, 0.002621–0.013898,
0.013601–0.058669, 0.097849–0.310726, 0.170722–0.387823,
0.017647–0.065427, 0.069507–0.379656, 0.225911–0.457260,
0.210072–0.415353, and 0.017651–0.172345, respectively.
The measured solubility data of N-NP had a good correlation with the
modified Apelblat equation, the NRTL equation, the Wilson equation,
as well as the λh equation. Through the comparison of the minor
average of the root-mean-square deviation (103RMSD) and
the coefficient of determination (R
2),
the Wilson equation yielded a more satisfactory correlation result.
Thermodynamic parameters of mixing enthalpy (Δmix
H), mixing entropy (Δmix
S), and mixing Gibbs energy (Δmix
G) were calculated and analyzed based on the experimental
data. The positive Δmix
H and Δmix
S implied that the dissolution process
of N-NP in the selected solvents was endothermic and entropy-driven.
The relative contributions of enthalpy and entropy demonstrated that
enthalpy was the main contributor to the Gibbs free energy in the
dissolution process. In addition, the solute–solvent interaction
was calculated to elaborate the solubility of N-NP in selected solvents
deeply. In addition, the solid–liquid surface tension and the
surface entropy factor of N-NP were discussed on the basis of the
experimental solubility data.