Soluble cluster of differentiation 36 concentrations are not associated with cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged subjects

Abstract

Abstract. Cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) is involved in the development of atherosclerosis by enhancing macrophage endocytosis of oxidized low-density lipoproteins and foam cell formation. Soluble CD36 (sCD36) was found to be elevated in type 2 diabetic patients and possibly acted as a marker of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. In young subjects, sCD36 was associated with cardiovascular risk factors including obesity and hypertriglyceridemia. The present study was conducted to further investigate the association between plasma sCD36 and cardiovascular risk factors among middle-aged patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and healthy controls. sCD36 concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for 41 patients with MetS and 36 healthy controls. Data for other variables were obtained from patient medical records. sCD36 concentrations were relatively low compared to the majority of other studies and were not significantly different between the MetS group and controls (P=0.17). sCD36 was also not correlated with age, body mass index, glucose, lipid profile, serum electrolytes and blood counts. sCD36 was not significantly different between subjects with obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension or cardiovascular disease, and those without these abnormalities (P>0.05). The inconsistency between results reported in the present study and other studies may be unique to the study population or be a result of the lack of a reliable standardized method for determining absolute sCD36 concentrations. However, further investigations are required to assess CD36 tissue expression in the study population and to assess the accuracy of various commercially available sCD36 ELISA kits. Thus, the availability of a standardized simple sCD36 ELISA that could be performed in any basic laboratory would be more favorable to the specialized flow cytometry methods that detect CD36 + microparticles if it was to be used as a biomarker. IntroductionCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the principal cause of fatalities among older adults worldwide (1). Advanced age, male gender and family history of CVD are considered as non-modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (2). Alternatively, modifiable risk factors for CVD include obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, diabetes mellitus (DM), smoking and a sedentary lifestyle (3). To best identify the subjects at an increased risk of CVD, the term 'Metabolic Syndrome' (MetS) emerged to describe a cluster of the modifiable risk factors that they can predict the occurrence of CVD when they exist together (4). However, subjects are diagnosed with MetS when they fulfill certain criteria that were defined by several health organizations (5-8).Certain subjects may develop CVD without having numerous cardiovascular risk factors (9). Khot et al (10) have shown that at least one of the four traditional risk factors (smoking, DM, hyperlipidemia and hypertension) was found in ~80% of thei...

Frequency of CD36 deficiency in Thais analyzed by quantification of CD36 on cell surfaces and in plasma

“…Several studies have demonstrated up regulation of sCD36 in certain diseases. 23,24,26,27 In conclusion, we showed that CD36 Type I deficiency exists in Thais. These individuals are at risk of developing anti-CD36s, which are responsible for the development of bleeding disorders such as PTR and FNAIT in our population.…”

“…This variability may be caused by factors including the origin (plasma or serum), handling (preparation, storage) of the blood samples, and by other specific factors such as different mutations. Several studies have demonstrated up regulation of sCD36 in certain diseases …”

The Multifunctionality of CD36 in Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications—Update in Pathogenesis, Treatment and Monitoring

“…Many investigators have shown an association of sCD36 with components of the metabolic syndrome, such as insulin resistance and central obesity [ 69 , 75 , 76 , 77 ], which are key predictors of T2DM and risk factors of accelerated atherosclerosis in this group of patients. However, there was a study on the middle-aged patient population with T2DM from Jordan, in which no difference in sCD36 levels was found between patients with metabolic syndrome and healthy controls [ 78 ]. The association with the risk of T2DM has also been described, but it was not independent of fasting glucose, insulin, or adiposity [ 76 , 79 ].…”

CD36 in chronic kidney disease: novel insights and therapeutic opportunities

“…176 Several studies have analysed sCD36 levels in plasma samples; however, these samples have to potential to skew interpretation of the results owing to the presence of CD36 in platelets, which could represent a marker of platelet activation. 177,184,185 Furthermore, microparticles that are released upon platelet activation might represent an important source of CD36.…”