Soluble Graphene Nanosheets from Recycled Graphite of Spent Lithium Ion Batteries

Zhao, Lingling; Liu, Xiya; Wan, Chunli; Ye, Xiangrong; Wu, Fanhong

doi:10.1007/s11665-018-3156-6

Cited by 37 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Recently, although some direct regeneration processes of recycled graphite anode have been reported, − they are limited by rigorous separation steps. Due to different types of Li-ion batteries, the separation step will increase the cost of recycling graphite and lower the added value.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Performance Graphite Recovered from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Chen

et al. 2019

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

162

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With the wide usage of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and grid storage, recycling and reusing LIBs have attracted wide attention. However, due to the low added value and rigorous separation steps, recycling and recovering graphite anode materials are discarded. Although some direct physical recycling processes have been reported, all of them are limited by rigorous separation steps and lab scales. In this paper, a scalable recycling process for graphite anode materials from spent LIBs by a hydrometallurgical process without separation steps is reported. After the leaching process, graphite was separated by filtration as a residue with impurities. Then, all residual cathode materials, other metal impurities, most binding materials, and aluminum oxide were removed after releaching and fusion steps. Finally, high-quality graphite powder was obtained, and the recycled graphite exhibits a comparable discharge capacity of 377.3 mAh/g at 0.1 C.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Performance Graphite Recovered from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Chen

et al. 2019

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

162

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“…Due to the presence of oxygen-containing groups and structural defects in recovered graphite, the use of chemicals for graphene preparation could be reduced significantly compared to graphene preparation from natural graphite. [40] Zhao et al [41] fabricated soluble graphene sheets from spent LIB graphite through the modified Hummers method followed by deoxygenation using molten hydroxide salts (NaOH/KOH = 1/1 eutectic). Ultrasonic exfoliation of GO was done in the presence of NMP, which disclosed that loosened graphene sheets in graphite are more prone to exfoliation.…”

Section: Chemical Methods For Graphene Oxide/graphene Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This used graphite has low ash content, perfect graphene layers with stretched d spacing induced by lithiation and de‐lithiation during repeated charge‐discharge cycles. Studies reported that used graphite is more prone to exfoliation in comparison with natural graphite [41] . It shows irregular expansion along crystallographic c ‐direction due to Li‐ion intercalation‐de‐intercalation during charge‐discharge cycles.…”

Section: Benefits Of Spent Graphite Over Natural/synthetic Graphitementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zhao et al [41] . fabricated soluble graphene sheets from spent LIB graphite through the modified Hummers method followed by deoxygenation using molten hydroxide salts (NaOH/KOH=1/1 eutectic).…”

Section: Graphene Preparation From Spent Graphite From Libsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Higher temperature treatment of graphene oxide resulted in the removal of hydroxyl groups, and heat treatment at 220 °C for ten hours produced graphene sheets with good solubility. Excellent solubility and dispersibility of reduced graphene sheets made it suitable for solution processing of graphene materials [41] . Natarajan et al [52] .…”

Section: Graphene Preparation From Spent Graphite From Libsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Graphene from Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Divya

Natarajan

Aravindan

2022

Batteries & Supercaps

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The fascinating properties of graphene continue to offer new dimensions in scientific research, extending its exploration in a wide range of real‐world applications. At the same time, serious bottlenecks like low quality, high cost, negative reaction conditions, agglomeration of nanosheets, and limited mass production for graphene must be resolved in favor of industrialization. Consequently, utilization of large amounts of waste graphite from spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) offers a great opportunity to produce graphene and its derivatives to partake in waste management and circular economy. This work sketches the progress in the different recycling techniques for the graphite anode from spent LIBs and their reuse in different applications. We believe our perspective can facilitate researchers/industries in the better reuse of graphite as valuable sources for the preparation of graphene in a high production capacity by breaking down the existing obstacles in the recycling process as well as helping to handle the upcoming massive volume of spent LIBs.

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Graphite Recycling from End‐of‐Life Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Processes and Applications

Abdollahifar

Cavers

Kwade

2022

Adv Materials Technologies

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resistance), is suitable for a wide range of industrial applications, depending on its form. [1] The world has consumed resources exceeding 800 million tons of recoverable Gr. Although more than 20 countries are producing natural graphite (NGr), in 2019, as shown in Figure 1a, the world production was controlled by China, Mozambique, and Brazil. [4] Total production of NGr in 2019 was estimated to be 1 130 000 tons, and China is the largest producer of Gr with 62% (about 700 000 tons). The NGr products contain both amorphous Gr (microcrystalline) and flake Gr (crystalline), however, about 1% of NGr is vein (lump) Gr (interlocking aggregates of flake Gr crystals), which is produced in Sri Lanka. [1,[5][6][7][8] Another type of Gr is synthetic (artificial) Gr (SGr), which is synthesized by heat treatment of a coke-based precursor at very high temperature of more than 2500 °C. [9,10] The production of SGr is costly from both an energy and a time perspective. The process of preparation, heating and cooling takes several weeks to several months. [11] Table 1 reports the characteristics of different types of NGr and SGr. Although the chemical structure is similar for both NGr and SGr, they differ in electrochemical behavior and price. In 2018, the price for the NGr and SGr as anode material were between 4 and 8 $ kg −1 , and 12 and 13 $ kg −1 , respectively. [12] Due to the high melting point of 3900 °C, [13] the largest amount of Gr produced is used in the reactors and furnaces of steel and refractory industries. [14] However, emerging Li-ion battery (LIBs) industries could substantially increase world demand for Gr (forecasted to rise by 10-12% per year). [2] Gr is the state-of-the-art anode material in both primary (non-rechargeable), and secondary (rechargeable) batteries with approximately 18% of flake NGr worldwide used in batteries. [15] The market shares of various anode materials are illustrated in Figure 1b,c for years of 1995 and 2010, which mainly is dominated by Gr-based materials. Despite its higher price, the market share of SGr for automotive batteries is growing over time, as the quality fluctuates less than for NGr, and SGr demonstrates extremely high levels of purity. [12,16] In 2018, the SGr had a market share of about 56% in comparison to 35% for NGr as an anode material (which are almost similar to percentages of 2010 (Figure 1c), and the rest consisted of amorphous carbon, silicon composites or lithium titanate. [12] The Gr market, in general, is growing fast due to the replacement of fuel-driven cars by electric vehicles (EVs) (the number of EVs cars produced in 2020 was about 3.24 million cars) [18] and The number of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from hybrid and electric vehicles that are produced or discarded every year is growing exponentially, which may pose risks to supply lines of limited resources. Thus, recycling and regeneration of end-of-life LIBs (EoL-LIBs) is becoming an urgent and critical task for a sustainable and environmentally friendly future. In this regard, much attention, esp...

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Soluble Graphene Nanosheets from Recycled Graphite of Spent Lithium Ion Batteries

Cited by 37 publications

References 26 publications

High-Performance Graphite Recovered from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

High-Performance Graphite Recovered from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Graphene from Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Graphite Recycling from End‐of‐Life Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Processes and Applications

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