Soluble Interleukin-2 Receptor in Children With Reflux Nephropathy

Abstract

These results suggest that elevated levels of serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor are likely to reflect activated T cells in the kidneys of patients with reflux nephropathy and may be a useful predictor of progression of renal injury in these children.

Expression of Platelet-Derived Endothelial Cell Growth Factor and its Potential Role in Up-Regulation of Angiogenesis in Scarred Kidneys Secondary to Urinary Tract Diseases

“…The predominant cell type is T cells, followed by macrophages. 16,17 These cells may promote angiogenesis by releasing angiogenic factors including VEGF, TNF-␣, basic fibroblast growth factor, and platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF). 14,18 -24 The presence of a hypoxic condition and the increase of mononuclear infiltration in scarred kidneys have been suggested to lead to neovascularization.…”

Development of Vasculature Targeting Strategies for the Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

“…Injured tubular cells releases a variety of growth factors and cytokines that promote peritubular inflammation, scar formation and angiogenesis. T cells predominate, followed by macrophages [47,48]. The latter may release angiogenic factors including VEGF, TNF-α, FGF-2 and PDGF [49][50][51].…”

Impact of Urinary Tract Infection and Detrusor Pressure on Renal Tubular Function in Patients with Vesicoureteral Reflux

“…Urinary alpha–1–microglobulin, beta–2–microglobulin excretion and N–acetyl–beta– D –glucosaminidase activity have been found to be diagnostically useful in adults and children for vesicoureteral reflux (if grade is >1, according to the international grading system from 1 to 5) [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. In vesicoureteral reflux, urinary alpha–1–microglobulin correlates with the decrease in absolute DMSA renal uptake and with urinary epidermal growth factor excretion, both markers of the number of functioning nephrons, and predicts the outcome of renal function after treatment [13, 14].…”

“…Urinary albumin excretion or N–acetyl–beta– D –glucosaminidase activity are less predictive of renal function after treatment. In children with vesicoureteral reflux, tubular proteinuria (alpha–1–microglobulin, beta–2–microglobulin, albumin) additionally correlates with the serum–soluble interleukin–2 receptor concentration, a marker of interstitial leukocyte influx and proliferation [15], and leukocyte infiltration and fibroblast proliferation are associated with tubulointerstitial disease [16]. In conclusion, urinary alpha–1–microglobulin excretion is a highly sensitive marker for renal tubulointerstitial disease in patients with vesicoureteral reflux and correlates with decrease in renal uptake and indirectly with the extent of tubulointerstitial disease.…”